<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
    }

    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, sans-serif;
      color: #1e2945;
      background: transparent;
      padding: 16px 12px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      justify-content: center;
      min-height: 100%;
    }

    .header-tag {
      text-align: center;
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 700;
      letter-spacing: 0.08em;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      color: #64748b;
      margin-bottom: 12px;
    }

    .cards-grid {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);
      gap: 10px;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 600px;
      margin: 0 auto;
    }

    .word-card {
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 2px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 12px;
      padding: 14px 8px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      text-align: center;
      cursor: pointer;
      user-select: none;
      transition: border-color 0.25s ease, box-shadow 0.25s ease, background-color 0.25s ease;
      position: relative;
    }

    .word-card:active,
    .word-card.active {
      border-color: #22b7ff;
      box-shadow: 0 4px 14px rgba(34, 183, 255, 0.2);
      background-color: #f8fcff;
    }

    .orthography-box {
      font-size: 20px;
      font-weight: 700;
      letter-spacing: -0.01em;
      color: #1e2945;
      margin-bottom: 8px;
    }

    .highlight-pattern {
      color: #e11d48;
      background: #ffe4e6;
      padding: 1px 4px;
      border-radius: 4px;
      border: 1px dashed #f43f5e;
    }

    .arrow-indicator {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      color: #94a3b8;
      font-size: 16px;
      line-height: 1;
      margin: 4px 0 8px 0;
      transition: color 0.2s ease;
    }

    .word-card.active .arrow-indicator {
      color: #22b7ff;
    }

    .ipa-badge {
      font-family: "Charis SIL", "Doulos SIL", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Segoe UI", sans-serif;
      font-size: 16px;
      font-weight: 700;
      padding: 6px 10px;
      border-radius: 8px;
      letter-spacing: 0.04em;
      margin-bottom: 8px;
      width: 90%;
      max-width: 120px;
      text-align: center;
    }

    .badge-blue {
      background: #eff6ff;
      color: #1d4ed8;
      border: 1px solid #bfdbfe;
    }

    .badge-purple {
      background: #faf5ff;
      color: #7e22ce;
      border: 1px solid #e9d5ff;
    }

    .badge-teal {
      background: #f0fdfa;
      color: #0f766e;
      border: 1px solid #99f6e4;
    }

    .rhyme-hint {
      font-size: 12px;
      color: #64748b;
      font-weight: 500;
    }

    .rhyme-hint strong {
      color: #1e2945;
    }

    .audio-btn {
      margin-top: 10px;
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #475569;
      background: #f1f5f9;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
      border-radius: 6px;
      padding: 4px 8px;
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 4px;
    }

    .word-card.active .audio-btn {
      background: #e0f2fe;
      border-color: #7dd3fc;
      color: #0369a1;
    }

    .summary-bar {
      margin: 16px auto 0 auto;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 600px;
      background: #1e2945;
      color: #ffffff;
      border-radius: 10px;
      padding: 10px 14px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      text-align: center;
      gap: 8px;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
      line-height: 1.4;
    }

    .summary-highlight {
      color: #fda4af;
      font-family: monospace;
      background: rgba(244, 63, 94, 0.25);
      padding: 1px 5px;
      border-radius: 4px;
    }

    @media (max-width: 420px) {
      .orthography-box {
        font-size: 17px;
      }
      .ipa-badge {
        font-size: 14px;
        padding: 5px 6px;
      }
      .summary-bar {
        font-size: 12px;
        padding: 8px 10px;
      }
      .rhyme-hint {
        font-size: 11px;
      }
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="header-tag">Orthography (Spelling) vs. IPA (Pronunciation)</div>

  <div class="cards-grid">
    
    <div class="word-card active" data-word="through" onclick="selectCard(0)">
      <div class="orthography-box">thr<span class="highlight-pattern">ough</span></div>
      <div class="arrow-indicator">↓</div>
      <div class="ipa-badge badge-blue">/θruː/</div>
      <div class="rhyme-hint">rhymes with <strong>threw</strong></div>
      <div class="audio-btn">🔊 Listen</div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="word-card" data-word="rough" onclick="selectCard(1)">
      <div class="orthography-box">r<span class="highlight-pattern">ough</span></div>
      <div class="arrow-indicator">↓</div>
      <div class="ipa-badge badge-purple">/rʌf/</div>
      <div class="rhyme-hint">rhymes with <strong>ruff</strong></div>
      <div class="audio-btn">🔊 Listen</div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="word-card" data-word="though" onclick="selectCard(2)">
      <div class="orthography-box">th<span class="highlight-pattern">ough</span></div>
      <div class="arrow-indicator">↓</div>
      <div class="ipa-badge badge-teal">/ðoʊ/</div>
      <div class="rhyme-hint">rhymes with <strong>glow</strong></div>
      <div class="audio-btn">🔊 Listen</div>
    </div>
  </div>

  <div class="summary-bar">
    <span>1 spelling pattern <span class="summary-highlight">ough</span> = 3 completely different sound combinations</span>
  </div>

  <script>
    const words = ["through", "rough", "though"];
    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.word-card');

    function playTone(freq, dur = 0.3) {
      try {
        const AudioCtx = window.AudioContext || window.webkitAudioContext;
        if (!AudioCtx) return;
        const ctx = new AudioCtx();
        const osc = ctx.createOscillator();
        const gain = ctx.createGain();
        osc.type = 'sine';
        osc.frequency.setValueAtTime(freq, ctx.currentTime);
        osc.connect(gain);
        gain.connect(ctx.destination);
        gain.gain.setValueAtTime(0.15, ctx.currentTime);
        gain.gain.exponentialRampToValueAtTime(0.001, ctx.currentTime + dur);
        osc.start();
        osc.stop(ctx.currentTime + dur);
      } catch (e) {}
    }

    function speakWord(wordText) {
      if ('speechSynthesis' in window) {
        window.speechSynthesis.cancel();
        const utter = new SpeechSynthesisUtterance(wordText);
        utter.rate = 0.85;
        utter.lang = 'en-US';
        window.speechSynthesis.speak(utter);
      }
    }

    function selectCard(index) {
      cards.forEach((card, i) => {
        card.classList.toggle('active', i === index);
      });

      const selectedWord = words[index];
      speakWord(selectedWord);

      const toneFreqs = [260, 320, 390];
      playTone(toneFreqs[index]);
    }
  </script>
</body>
</html>

Phonetics and Phonology: Analysing Speech Sounds

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <title>Phonemes and Allophones</title>
  <style>
    * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, sans-serif;
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #1e2945;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      min-height: 100%;
      padding: 16px 8px;
      user-select: none;
    }

    .tree-container {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 540px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      position: relative;
    }

    /* Top Mental Phoneme */
    .phoneme-card {
      background: #4f46e5;
      color: #ffffff;
      padding: 8px 18px;
      border-radius: 9999px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(79, 70, 229, 0.25);
      z-index: 2;
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: box-shadow 0.2s ease;
    }
    .phoneme-card:hover {
      box-shadow: 0 0 0 4px rgba(79, 70, 229, 0.2);
    }
    .phoneme-symbol {
      font-size: 26px;
      font-weight: 700;
      font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;
      line-height: 1.1;
      letter-spacing: 1px;
    }
    .phoneme-label {
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 600;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
      opacity: 0.9;
    }

    /* Connecting SVG Lines */
    .svg-lines {
      width: 100%;
      height: 48px;
      display: block;
      margin: -2px 0;
      z-index: 1;
    }

    /* Bottom Allophones Grid */
    .allophones-row {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);
      gap: 8px;
      width: 100%;
      z-index: 2;
    }

    .allophone-card {
      background: #f8fafc;
      border: 1.5px solid #cbd5e1;
      border-radius: 12px;
      padding: 10px 6px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      text-align: center;
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: border-color 0.2s ease, box-shadow 0.2s ease, background 0.2s ease;
    }
    .allophone-card.dashed {
      border-style: dashed;
      border-color: #94a3b8;
    }
    .allophone-card:hover, .allophone-card.active {
      border-color: #2563eb;
      background: #eff6ff;
      box-shadow: 0 0 0 3px rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.15);
    }

    .allophone-symbol {
      font-size: 22px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #0f172a;
      font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;
      line-height: 1.1;
    }

    .allophone-desc {
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #475569;
      margin-top: 4px;
      line-height: 1.2;
    }

    .example-tag {
      margin-top: 8px;
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 500;
      background: #ffffff;
      padding: 3px 8px;
      border-radius: 6px;
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
      color: #1e2945;
    }
    .example-tag b {
      color: #2563eb;
      font-weight: 700;
    }

    /* Notation key banner */
    .legend {
      display: flex;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 16px;
      margin-top: 14px;
      font-size: 12px;
      color: #64748b;
    }
    .legend span {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 4px;
    }
    .legend code {
      font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: bold;
      color: #1e2945;
      background: #f1f5f9;
      padding: 1px 5px;
      border-radius: 4px;
    }

    @media (max-width: 400px) {
      .phoneme-symbol { font-size: 22px; }
      .phoneme-label { font-size: 10px; }
      .allophone-symbol { font-size: 19px; }
      .allophone-desc { font-size: 11px; }
      .example-tag { font-size: 11px; padding: 2px 4px; }
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="tree-container">
    
    <div class="phoneme-card" id="phonemeCard" title="Abstract Mental Unit">
      <span class="phoneme-symbol">/p/</span>
      <span class="phoneme-label">Mental Phoneme</span>
    </div>

    
    <svg class="svg-lines" viewBox="0 0 300 48" preserveAspectRatio="none">
      
      <path d="M 150 0 C 150 24, 50 20, 50 48" fill="none" stroke="#6366f1" stroke-width="2" />
      
      <path d="M 150 0 L 150 48" fill="none" stroke="#6366f1" stroke-width="2" />
      
      <path d="M 150 0 C 150 24, 250 20, 250 48" fill="none" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="2" stroke-dasharray="4 3" />
    </svg>

    
    <div class="allophones-row">
      
      <div class="allophone-card active" onclick="highlight(this)">
        <span class="allophone-symbol">[pʰ]</span>
        <span class="allophone-desc">Aspirated<br><small style="font-weight:400;color:#64748b">Strong air puff</small></span>
        <div class="example-tag"><b>pin</b> [pʰɪn]</div>
      </div>

      
      <div class="allophone-card" onclick="highlight(this)">
        <span class="allophone-symbol">[p]</span>
        <span class="allophone-desc">Unaspirated<br><small style="font-weight:400;color:#64748b">No air puff</small></span>
        <div class="example-tag"><b>spin</b> [spɪn]</div>
      </div>

      
      <div class="allophone-card dashed" onclick="highlight(this)">
        <span class="allophone-symbol">[p̚]</span>
        <span class="allophone-desc">Unreleased<br><small style="font-weight:400;color:#64748b">Lips stay closed</small></span>
        <div class="example-tag"><b>stop</b> [stɑp̚]</div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

  
  <div class="legend">
    <span><code>/ /</code> Mental Idea</span>
    <span><code>[ ]</code> Spoken Sound</span>
  </div>

  <script>
    function highlight(card) {
      document.querySelectorAll('.allophone-card').forEach(c => c.classList.remove('active'));
      card.classList.add('active');
    }
  </script>
</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
    }
    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #1e2945;
      padding: 12px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      min-height: 100%;
    }

    /* Example selector tabs */
    .tabs {
      display: flex;
      gap: 8px;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 480px;
      margin-bottom: 12px;
    }
    .tab-btn {
      flex: 1;
      padding: 8px 10px;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
      border: 1.5px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 8px;
      background: #f8fafc;
      color: #64748b;
      cursor: pointer;
      text-align: center;
      transition: all 0.25s ease;
    }
    .tab-btn.active {
      background: #eff6ff;
      border-color: #3b82f6;
      color: #1d4ed8;
      box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.15);
    }

    /* Diagram Area */
    .flow-container {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 480px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      position: relative;
    }

    /* Step 1 Card */
    .step-card {
      width: 100%;
      background: #f8fafc;
      border: 1.5px solid #cbd5e1;
      border-radius: 10px;
      padding: 10px 14px;
      text-align: center;
      transition: border-color 0.3s ease, box-shadow 0.3s ease;
    }
    .step-tag {
      display: inline-block;
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 700;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
      color: #64748b;
      margin-bottom: 4px;
    }
    .step-title {
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #0f172a;
    }
    .sound-pair {
      font-family: ui-monospace, SFMono-Regular, Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, monospace;
      font-size: 15px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #2563eb;
      margin-top: 4px;
    }

    /* Connector arrow down */
    .arrow-down {
      width: 2px;
      height: 20px;
      background: #94a3b8;
      position: relative;
      margin: 2px 0;
    }
    .arrow-down::after {
      content: '';
      position: absolute;
      bottom: -4px;
      left: -4px;
      border-width: 5px 5px 0 5px;
      border-style: solid;
      border-color: #94a3b8 transparent transparent transparent;
    }

    /* Decision Diamond */
    .decision-node {
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 2px solid #6366f1;
      border-radius: 12px;
      padding: 10px 16px;
      text-align: center;
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #312e81;
      box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(99, 102, 241, 0.12);
      width: 85%;
      max-width: 320px;
      position: relative;
      z-index: 2;
    }

    /* Branching connectors */
    .fork-svg {
      width: 100%;
      height: 36px;
      display: block;
      margin: -2px 0;
    }

    /* Outcome Cards Grid */
    .outcomes {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
      gap: 10px;
      width: 100%;
    }

    .outcome-card {
      border-radius: 10px;
      padding: 12px 10px;
      text-align: center;
      border: 2px solid #e2e8f0;
      background: #f8fafc;
      opacity: 0.45;
      transition: all 0.3s ease;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      justify-content: space-between;
    }
    .outcome-card.active {
      opacity: 1;
      transform: translateY(-2px);
    }

    /* YES Branch (Phonemes) */
    .outcome-card.yes.active {
      border-color: #16a34a;
      background: #f0fdf4;
      box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(22, 163, 74, 0.15);
    }
    .badge-yes {
      display: inline-block;
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 800;
      padding: 2px 8px;
      border-radius: 999px;
      background: #dcfce7;
      color: #15803d;
      margin-bottom: 6px;
      align-self: center;
    }

    /* NO Branch (Allophones) */
    .outcome-card.no.active {
      border-color: #d97706;
      background: #fffbeb;
      box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(217, 119, 6, 0.15);
    }
    .badge-no {
      display: inline-block;
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 800;
      padding: 2px 8px;
      border-radius: 999px;
      background: #fef3c7;
      color: #b45309;
      margin-bottom: 6px;
      align-self: center;
    }

    .outcome-title {
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: 800;
      margin-bottom: 4px;
    }
    .outcome-card.yes .outcome-title { color: #166534; }
    .outcome-card.no .outcome-title { color: #92400e; }

    .outcome-desc {
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 500;
      color: #475569;
      line-height: 1.3;
    }
    .outcome-eg {
      font-family: ui-monospace, monospace;
      font-weight: 700;
      font-size: 13px;
      margin-top: 6px;
      color: #0f172a;
    }

    /* Bottom dynamic summary bar */
    .summary-bar {
      margin-top: 10px;
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #475569;
      text-align: center;
      padding: 6px 12px;
      background: #f1f5f9;
      border-radius: 6px;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 480px;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  
  <div class="tabs">
    <button class="tab-btn active" id="tabA" onclick="setMode('A')">
      Pair A: [pæt] vs [bæt]
    </button>
    <button class="tab-btn" id="tabB" onclick="setMode('B')">
      Pair B: [pʰɪn] vs [pɪn]
    </button>
  </div>

  <div class="flow-container">
    
    <div class="step-card">
      <div class="step-tag">Step 1 • Minimal Environment</div>
      <div class="step-title">Two words differing by 1 sound</div>
      <div class="sound-pair" id="pairDisplay">[pæt] vs [bæt]</div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="arrow-down"></div>

    
    <div class="decision-node">
      Changes Word Meaning?
    </div>

    
    <svg class="fork-svg" viewBox="0 0 300 40" preserveAspectRatio="none">
      
      <path id="pathYes" d="M 150 0 L 150 14 L 75 14 L 75 36" fill="none" stroke="#16a34a" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linejoin="round" />
      <polygon points="71,34 75,40 79,34" fill="#16a34a" />
      
      <path id="pathNo" d="M 150 0 L 150 14 L 225 14 L 225 36" fill="none" stroke="#d97706" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-dasharray="4 3" opacity="0.4" />
      <polygon id="arrowNoPoly" points="221,34 225,40 229,34" fill="#d97706" opacity="0.4" />
    </svg>

    
    <div class="outcomes">
      
      <div class="outcome-card yes active" id="cardYes">
        <div>
          <span class="badge-yes">YES ✓</span>
          <div class="outcome-title">PHONEMES</div>
          <div class="outcome-desc">Separate, contrastive sounds in the language</div>
        </div>
        <div class="outcome-eg" id="egYes">/p/ and /b/</div>
      </div>

      
      <div class="outcome-card no" id="cardNo">
        <div>
          <span class="badge-no">NO ✕</span>
          <div class="outcome-title">ALLOPHONES</div>
          <div class="outcome-desc">Variants of 1 phoneme (same meaning)</div>
        </div>
        <div class="outcome-eg" id="egNo">[pʰ] and [p]</div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

  
  <div class="summary-bar" id="summaryText">
    "pat" ≠ "bat" → distinct words → <strong>/p/</strong> and <strong>/b/</strong> are separate phonemes
  </div>

  <script>
    function setMode(mode) {
      const tabA = document.getElementById('tabA');
      const tabB = document.getElementById('tabB');
      const pairDisplay = document.getElementById('pairDisplay');
      const cardYes = document.getElementById('cardYes');
      const cardNo = document.getElementById('cardNo');
      const pathYes = document.getElementById('pathYes');
      const pathNo = document.getElementById('pathNo');
      const arrowNoPoly = document.getElementById('arrowNoPoly');
      const summaryText = document.getElementById('summaryText');

      if (mode === 'A') {
        tabA.classList.add('active');
        tabB.classList.remove('active');
        pairDisplay.textContent = '[pæt] vs [bæt]';
        cardYes.classList.add('active');
        cardNo.classList.remove('active');

        // Update SVG paths visual prominence
        pathYes.removeAttribute('stroke-dasharray');
        pathYes.style.opacity = '1';
        pathYes.nextElementSibling.style.opacity = '1';

        pathNo.setAttribute('stroke-dasharray', '4 3');
        pathNo.style.opacity = '0.35';
        arrowNoPoly.style.opacity = '0.35';

        summaryText.innerHTML = '"pat" ≠ "bat" → Meaning changes → <strong>/p/</strong> and <strong>/b/</strong> are phonemes';
      } else {
        tabB.classList.add('active');
        tabA.classList.remove('active');
        pairDisplay.textContent = '[pʰɪn] vs [pɪn]';
        cardNo.classList.add('active');
        cardYes.classList.remove('active');

        // Update SVG paths visual prominence
        pathNo.removeAttribute('stroke-dasharray');
        pathNo.style.opacity = '1';
        arrowNoPoly.style.opacity = '1';

        pathYes.setAttribute('stroke-dasharray', '4 3');
        pathYes.style.opacity = '0.35';
        pathYes.nextElementSibling.style.opacity = '0.35';

        summaryText.innerHTML = 'Both mean "pin" → Meaning unchanged → <strong>[pʰ]</strong> & <strong>[p]</strong> are allophones of /p/';
      }
    }
  </script>
</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
    }
    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      color: #1e2945;
      background: #ffffff;
      padding: 16px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      min-height: 100%;
    }
    .header {
      text-align: center;
      margin-bottom: 14px;
    }
    .header h1 {
      font-size: 18px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #1e2945;
      letter-spacing: -0.01em;
    }
    .diagram-flow {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 620px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      position: relative;
    }
    .phoneme-node {
      background: linear-gradient(135deg, #eef2ff 0%, #e0e7ff 100%);
      border: 2px solid #6366f1;
      border-radius: 24px;
      padding: 6px 20px;
      text-align: center;
      box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(99, 102, 241, 0.12);
      z-index: 2;
    }
    .phoneme-title {
      font-size: 11px;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.08em;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #4f46e5;
    }
    .phoneme-symbol {
      font-size: 26px;
      font-weight: 800;
      color: #1e2945;
      font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode", "DejaVu Sans", "Segoe UI", sans-serif;
      line-height: 1.1;
    }
    .connector-svg {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 480px;
      height: 44px;
      margin: -2px 0;
      display: block;
    }
    .cards-row {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
      gap: 16px;
      width: 100%;
      position: relative;
    }
    .allophone-card {
      background: #f8fafc;
      border: 1.5px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 14px;
      padding: 14px 12px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      text-align: center;
      transition: box-shadow 0.25s ease, border-color 0.25s ease;
      cursor: pointer;
      user-select: none;
    }
    .allophone-card:hover {
      box-shadow: 0 6px 16px rgba(34, 183, 255, 0.12);
    }
    .allophone-card.active-left {
      border-color: #22b7ff;
      background: #f0f9ff;
      box-shadow: 0 0 0 1px #22b7ff, 0 6px 18px rgba(34, 183, 255, 0.16);
    }
    .allophone-card.active-right {
      border-color: #6366f1;
      background: #f5f3ff;
      box-shadow: 0 0 0 1px #6366f1, 0 6px 18px rgba(99, 102, 241, 0.16);
    }
    .tag {
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 700;
      padding: 2px 10px;
      border-radius: 12px;
      margin-bottom: 6px;
      display: inline-block;
    }
    .tag-asp {
      background: #e0f2fe;
      color: #0284c7;
    }
    .tag-unasp {
      background: #ede9fe;
      color: #6366f1;
    }
    .allophone-symbol {
      font-size: 24px;
      font-weight: 800;
      color: #1e2945;
      font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode", "DejaVu Sans", "Segoe UI", sans-serif;
      margin-bottom: 8px;
    }
    .env-label {
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #64748b;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.04em;
      margin-bottom: 2px;
    }
    .env-desc {
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #1e2945;
      line-height: 1.3;
      min-height: 34px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      margin-bottom: 10px;
    }
    .example-box {
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
      border-radius: 8px;
      padding: 6px 12px;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 170px;
    }
    .example-ipa {
      font-size: 15px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #1e2945;
      font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode", "DejaVu Sans", "Segoe UI", sans-serif;
    }
    .example-word {
      font-size: 12px;
      color: #64748b;
      font-weight: 500;
    }
    .visual-cue {
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 600;
      margin-top: 8px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 4px;
      padding: 3px 8px;
      border-radius: 6px;
    }
    .cue-asp {
      color: #0369a1;
      background: rgba(34, 183, 255, 0.15);
    }
    .cue-unasp {
      color: #4f46e5;
      background: rgba(99, 102, 241, 0.12);
    }
    .badge-overlap {
      margin-top: 14px;
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1.5px dashed #94a3b8;
      border-radius: 20px;
      padding: 6px 16px;
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #1e2945;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
      box-shadow: 0 2px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04);
    }
    .badge-icon {
      color: #e11d48;
      font-size: 13px;
    }
    @media (max-width: 480px) {
      .cards-row {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
        gap: 10px;
      }
      .connector-svg {
        display: none;
      }
      .header h1 {
        font-size: 16px;
      }
      .env-desc {
        min-height: auto;
      }
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="header">
    <h1>Complementary Distribution of Allophones</h1>
  </div>

  <div class="diagram-flow">
    
    <div class="phoneme-node">
      <div class="phoneme-title">Phoneme (Mental Sound)</div>
      <div class="phoneme-symbol">/p/</div>
    </div>

    
    <svg class="connector-svg" viewBox="0 0 400 44" fill="none" preserveAspectRatio="none">
      <path d="M 200 0 L 200 12 Q 200 24 185 24 L 105 24 Q 90 24 90 36 L 90 44" stroke="#22b7ff" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round" fill="none" />
      <path d="M 200 0 L 200 12 Q 200 24 215 24 L 295 24 Q 310 24 310 36 L 310 44" stroke="#6366f1" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round" fill="none" />
      <circle cx="90" cy="42" r="3.5" fill="#22b7ff" />
      <circle cx="310" cy="42" r="3.5" fill="#6366f1" />
    </svg>

    
    <div class="cards-row">
      
      <div class="allophone-card active-left" id="cardLeft" onclick="triggerEffect('left')">
        <span class="tag tag-asp">Aspirated</span>
        <div class="allophone-symbol">[pʰ]</div>
        <div class="env-label">Environment</div>
        <div class="env-desc">Syllable-initial before stressed vowel</div>
        <div class="example-box">
          <div class="example-ipa">[pʰɪn]</div>
          <div class="example-word">pin</div>
        </div>
        <div class="visual-cue cue-asp">
          <span>💨 Strong puff of air</span>
        </div>
      </div>

      
      <div class="allophone-card" id="cardRight" onclick="triggerEffect('right')">
        <span class="tag tag-unasp">Unaspirated</span>
        <div class="allophone-symbol">[p]</div>
        <div class="env-label">Environment</div>
        <div class="env-desc">Immediately following /s/</div>
        <div class="example-box">
          <div class="example-ipa">[spɪn]</div>
          <div class="example-word">spin</div>
        </div>
        <div class="visual-cue cue-unasp">
          <span>🚫 No puff of air</span>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="badge-overlap">
      <span class="badge-icon">✕</span>
      <span>Mutually Exclusive Environments (No Overlap)</span>
    </div>
  </div>

  <script>
    function triggerEffect(side) {
      const cardL = document.getElementById('cardLeft');
      const cardR = document.getElementById('cardRight');
      
      if (side === 'left') {
        cardL.classList.add('active-left');
        cardR.classList.remove('active-right');
      } else {
        cardR.classList.add('active-right');
        cardL.classList.remove('active-left');
      }
    }
  </script>
</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
    }
    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      color: #1e2945;
      background: #ffffff;
      padding: 8px;
    }
    .grid {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
      gap: 12px;
      margin-bottom: 10px;
    }
    @media (max-width: 480px) {
      .grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
        gap: 10px;
      }
    }
    .word-panel {
      border: 1px solid #e6e6e6;
      border-radius: 8px;
      padding: 10px;
      background: #fafbfc;
    }
    .word-panel.active {
      border-color: #22b7ff;
      background: #f0f9ff;
    }
    .word-header {
      display: flex;
      justify-content: space-between;
      align-items: center;
      margin-bottom: 10px;
      padding-bottom: 6px;
      border-bottom: 1px solid #e6e6e6;
    }
    .syllables {
      display: flex;
      gap: 4px;
      align-items: center;
    }
    .syl {
      padding: 3px 8px;
      border-radius: 4px;
      font-weight: 700;
      font-size: 15px;
      border: 1px solid transparent;
    }
    .syl.stressed {
      background: #22b7ff;
      color: #ffffff;
      box-shadow: 0 1px 4px rgba(34, 183, 255, 0.35);
    }
    .syl.unstressed {
      color: #64748b;
      background: #e2e8f0;
    }
    .tag {
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #475569;
    }
    .sound-btn {
      cursor: pointer;
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
      color: #1e2945;
      border-radius: 6px;
      padding: 4px 8px;
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 600;
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 4px;
      transition: background 0.2s, border-color 0.2s;
    }
    .sound-btn:hover {
      background: #e0f2fe;
      border-color: #22b7ff;
    }
    .metric-row {
      margin-bottom: 8px;
    }
    .metric-row:last-child {
      margin-bottom: 0;
    }
    .metric-label {
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 700;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
      color: #64748b;
      display: flex;
      justify-content: space-between;
      margin-bottom: 3px;
    }
    .track-box {
      height: 38px;
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 4px;
      position: relative;
      overflow: hidden;
    }
    .dur-bar-wrap {
      display: flex;
      height: 100%;
      align-items: center;
      padding: 4px;
      gap: 4px;
    }
    .dur-bar {
      height: 22px;
      border-radius: 3px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #ffffff;
    }
    .dur-stressed {
      background: #0284c7;
      flex: 1.8;
    }
    .dur-unstressed {
      background: #94a3b8;
      flex: 1;
    }
    svg.curve {
      width: 100%;
      height: 100%;
      display: block;
    }
    .legend-banner {
      border: 1px solid #e6e6e6;
      border-radius: 6px;
      padding: 8px 12px;
      background: #f8fafc;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 16px;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #1e2945;
    }
    .legend-item {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 5px;
    }
    .badge-icon {
      color: #0284c7;
      font-size: 14px;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="grid">
    
    <div class="word-panel" id="panelNoun">
      <div class="word-header">
        <div>
          <div class="syllables">
            <span class="syl stressed">RE</span>
            <span class="syl unstressed">cord</span>
          </div>
          <span class="tag">Noun</span>
        </div>
        <button class="sound-btn" onclick="playAcoustic('noun')">🔊 Listen</button>
      </div>

      
      <div class="metric-row">
        <div class="metric-label">
          <span>Pitch (F₀)</span>
          <span>190 Hz → 110 Hz</span>
        </div>
        <div class="track-box">
          <svg class="curve" viewBox="0 0 200 40" preserveAspectRatio="none">
            <line x1="0" y1="20" x2="200" y2="20" stroke="#f1f5f9" stroke-width="1" />
            <path d="M 10 32 Q 55 6 100 24 T 190 34" fill="none" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="3" stroke-linecap="round" />
            <circle cx="55" cy="11" r="3.5" fill="#0284c7" />
          </svg>
        </div>
      </div>

      
      <div class="metric-row">
        <div class="metric-label">
          <span>Duration</span>
          <span>250ms vs 120ms</span>
        </div>
        <div class="track-box">
          <div class="dur-bar-wrap">
            <div class="dur-bar dur-stressed">250 ms</div>
            <div class="dur-bar dur-unstressed">120 ms</div>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>

      
      <div class="metric-row">
        <div class="metric-label">
          <span>Amplitude</span>
          <span>78 dB vs 52 dB</span>
        </div>
        <div class="track-box">
          <svg class="curve" viewBox="0 0 200 40" preserveAspectRatio="none">
            <path d="M 5 20 Q 25 2 50 20 T 95 20 Q 120 12 145 20 T 195 20" fill="none" stroke="#38bdf8" stroke-width="2" />
            <rect x="15" y="6" width="70" height="28" fill="#0284c7" fill-opacity="0.15" rx="2" />
            <rect x="110" y="14" width="75" height="12" fill="#94a3b8" fill-opacity="0.15" rx="2" />
          </svg>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="word-panel" id="panelVerb">
      <div class="word-header">
        <div>
          <div class="syllables">
            <span class="syl unstressed">re</span>
            <span class="syl stressed">CORD</span>
          </div>
          <span class="tag">Verb</span>
        </div>
        <button class="sound-btn" onclick="playAcoustic('verb')">🔊 Listen</button>
      </div>

      
      <div class="metric-row">
        <div class="metric-label">
          <span>Pitch (F₀)</span>
          <span>115 Hz → 195 Hz</span>
        </div>
        <div class="track-box">
          <svg class="curve" viewBox="0 0 200 40" preserveAspectRatio="none">
            <line x1="0" y1="20" x2="200" y2="20" stroke="#f1f5f9" stroke-width="1" />
            <path d="M 10 33 Q 50 30 100 24 T 155 8 T 190 28" fill="none" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="3" stroke-linecap="round" />
            <circle cx="155" cy="10" r="3.5" fill="#0284c7" />
          </svg>
        </div>
      </div>

      
      <div class="metric-row">
        <div class="metric-label">
          <span>Duration</span>
          <span>115ms vs 260ms</span>
        </div>
        <div class="track-box">
          <div class="dur-bar-wrap">
            <div class="dur-bar dur-unstressed">115 ms</div>
            <div class="dur-bar dur-stressed">260 ms</div>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>

      
      <div class="metric-row">
        <div class="metric-label">
          <span>Amplitude</span>
          <span>50 dB vs 80 dB</span>
        </div>
        <div class="track-box">
          <svg class="curve" viewBox="0 0 200 40" preserveAspectRatio="none">
            <path d="M 5 20 Q 25 13 50 20 T 95 20 Q 125 2 150 20 T 195 20" fill="none" stroke="#38bdf8" stroke-width="2" />
            <rect x="15" y="14" width="70" height="12" fill="#94a3b8" fill-opacity="0.15" rx="2" />
            <rect x="110" y="5" width="75" height="30" fill="#0284c7" fill-opacity="0.15" rx="2" />
          </svg>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

  <div class="legend-banner">
    <div class="legend-item">
      <span class="badge-icon">✦</span>
      <span><strong>Stressed Syllable:</strong></span>
    </div>
    <div class="legend-item">
      <span>Pitch ↑</span>
    </div>
    <div class="legend-item">
      <span>Duration ↔</span>
    </div>
    <div class="legend-item">
      <span>Volume ▲</span>
    </div>
  </div>

  <script>
    let audioCtx = null;

    function playAcoustic(type) {
      if (!audioCtx) {
        audioCtx = new (window.AudioContext || window.webkitAudioContext)();
      }

      const pNoun = document.getElementById('panelNoun');
      const pVerb = document.getElementById('panelVerb');
      pNoun.classList.toggle('active', type === 'noun');
      pVerb.classList.toggle('active', type === 'verb');

      const t = audioCtx.currentTime;

      if (type === 'noun') {
        // RE (stressed: higher pitch 190Hz, louder, 0.25s)
        playSyllable(190, 0.32, 0.25, t);
        // cord (unstressed: lower pitch 120Hz, quieter, 0.13s)
        playSyllable(120, 0.12, 0.13, t + 0.28);
      } else {
        // re (unstressed: lower pitch 125Hz, quieter, 0.13s)
        playSyllable(125, 0.12, 0.13, t);
        // CORD (stressed: higher pitch 195Hz, louder, 0.26s)
        playSyllable(195, 0.34, 0.26, t + 0.16);
      }
    }

    function playSyllable(freq, gainVal, dur, startTime) {
      const osc = audioCtx.createOscillator();
      const gain = audioCtx.createGain();
      
      osc.type = 'sine';
      osc.frequency.setValueAtTime(freq, startTime);
      osc.frequency.exponentialRampToValueAtTime(freq * 0.85, startTime + dur);

      gain.gain.setValueAtTime(0.001, startTime);
      gain.gain.linearRampToValueAtTime(gainVal, startTime + 0.02);
      gain.gain.exponentialRampToValueAtTime(0.001, startTime + dur);

      osc.connect(gain);
      gain.connect(audioCtx.destination);

      osc.start(startTime);
      osc.stop(startTime + dur);
    }
  </script>
</body>
</html>

Prosodic Features in Spoken and Written Texts

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
    }
    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      color: #1e2945;
      background: transparent;
      padding: 12px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 10px;
    }

    .contour-card {
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1px solid #e6e6e6;
      border-radius: 10px;
      padding: 10px 14px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 6px;
      transition: border-color 0.25s, box-shadow 0.25s;
      cursor: pointer;
    }
    .contour-card.active {
      border-color: #2563eb;
      box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.15);
    }

    .header-row {
      display: flex;
      justify-content: space-between;
      align-items: center;
    }

    .tag-group {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
    }

    .symbol-badge {
      font-size: 15px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #2563eb;
      background: #eff6ff;
      border-radius: 6px;
      padding: 2px 7px;
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
    }

    .card-label {
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #4b5563;
    }

    .audio-btn {
      appearance: none;
      border: 1px solid #e6e6e6;
      background: #f8fafc;
      color: #1e2945;
      border-radius: 6px;
      padding: 3px 8px;
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 600;
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 4px;
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: background 0.15s;
    }
    .audio-btn:hover {
      background: #eff6ff;
      border-color: #bfdbfe;
    }

    .pitch-graph {
      position: relative;
      width: 100%;
      height: 52px;
      background: #f8fafc;
      border-radius: 6px;
      overflow: hidden;
    }

    svg {
      width: 100%;
      height: 100%;
      display: block;
    }

    .grid-line {
      stroke: #e2e8f0;
      stroke-dasharray: 2 3;
      stroke-width: 1;
    }

    .pitch-track {
      fill: none;
      stroke: #cbd5e1;
      stroke-width: 3;
      stroke-linecap: round;
    }

    .pitch-active {
      fill: none;
      stroke: #2563eb;
      stroke-width: 3.5;
      stroke-linecap: round;
      stroke-dasharray: 400;
      stroke-dashoffset: 400;
    }

    .card-active .pitch-active {
      animation: drawLine 1.4s ease-out forwards;
    }

    @keyframes drawLine {
      to {
        stroke-dashoffset: 0;
      }
    }

    .text-row {
      display: flex;
      justify-content: space-between;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 500;
      padding: 0 4px;
    }

    .nucleus {
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #2563eb;
      position: relative;
    }

    .subtext {
      font-size: 11px;
      color: #94a3b8;
      font-style: italic;
    }

    .level-label {
      position: absolute;
      right: 6px;
      font-size: 9px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #94a3b8;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      user-select: none;
    }
    .level-high { top: 3px; }
    .level-low { bottom: 3px; }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  
  <div class="contour-card" id="card-falling" onclick="playContour(0)">
    <div class="header-row">
      <div class="tag-group">
        <span class="symbol-badge">↘ Falling</span>
        <span class="card-label">Declarative Finality / Assertion</span>
      </div>
      <button class="audio-btn" type="button" aria-label="Play falling tone">🔊 Tone</button>
    </div>
    <div class="pitch-graph">
      <span class="level-label level-high">High</span>
      <span class="level-label level-low">Low</span>
      <svg viewBox="0 0 400 52" preserveAspectRatio="none">
        <line x1="0" y1="12" x2="400" y2="12" class="grid-line" />
        <line x1="0" y1="40" x2="400" y2="40" class="grid-line" />
        
        <path d="M 20,24 C 120,22 220,20 270,18 C 310,16 350,42 380,44" class="pitch-track" />
        
        <path id="path-0" d="M 20,24 C 120,22 220,20 270,18 C 310,16 350,42 380,44" class="pitch-active" />
      </svg>
    </div>
    <div class="text-row">
      <span>She is arriving at</span>
      <span class="nucleus">noon.</span>
    </div>
  </div>

  
  <div class="contour-card" id="card-rising" onclick="playContour(1)">
    <div class="header-row">
      <div class="tag-group">
        <span class="symbol-badge">↗ Rising</span>
        <span class="card-label">Polar Inquiry / Uncertainty</span>
      </div>
      <button class="audio-btn" type="button" aria-label="Play rising tone">🔊 Tone</button>
    </div>
    <div class="pitch-graph">
      <span class="level-label level-high">High</span>
      <span class="level-label level-low">Low</span>
      <svg viewBox="0 0 400 52" preserveAspectRatio="none">
        <line x1="0" y1="12" x2="400" y2="12" class="grid-line" />
        <line x1="0" y1="40" x2="400" y2="40" class="grid-line" />
        
        <path d="M 20,32 C 120,32 220,32 270,32 C 310,32 350,12 380,10" class="pitch-track" />
        
        <path id="path-1" d="M 20,32 C 120,32 220,32 270,32 C 310,32 350,12 380,10" class="pitch-active" />
      </svg>
    </div>
    <div class="text-row">
      <span>She is arriving at</span>
      <span class="nucleus">noon?</span>
    </div>
  </div>

  
  <div class="contour-card" id="card-fall-rise" onclick="playContour(2)">
    <div class="header-row">
      <div class="tag-group">
        <span class="symbol-badge">↘↗ Fall-Rise</span>
        <span class="card-label">Reservation / Implication</span>
      </div>
      <button class="audio-btn" type="button" aria-label="Play fall-rise tone">🔊 Tone</button>
    </div>
    <div class="pitch-graph">
      <span class="level-label level-high">High</span>
      <span class="level-label level-low">Low</span>
      <svg viewBox="0 0 400 52" preserveAspectRatio="none">
        <line x1="0" y1="12" x2="400" y2="12" class="grid-line" />
        <line x1="0" y1="40" x2="400" y2="40" class="grid-line" />
        
        <path d="M 20,24 C 110,23 200,22 250,20 C 285,18 315,44 340,42 C 360,40 375,20 385,16" class="pitch-track" />
        
        <path id="path-2" d="M 20,24 C 110,23 200,22 250,20 C 285,18 315,44 340,42 C 360,40 375,20 385,16" class="pitch-active" />
      </svg>
    </div>
    <div class="text-row">
      <span>She is arriving at <span class="nucleus">noon...</span></span>
      <span class="subtext">(but leaving at 1)</span>
    </div>
  </div>

  <script>
    let audioCtx = null;

    function getAudioContext() {
      if (!audioCtx) {
        audioCtx = new (window.AudioContext || window.webkitAudioContext)();
      }
      if (audioCtx.state === 'suspended') {
        audioCtx.resume();
      }
      return audioCtx;
    }

    function playContour(type) {
      // Highlight UI
      const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.contour-card');
      cards.forEach((c, idx) => {
        c.classList.remove('active');
        const path = document.getElementById('path-' + idx);
        if (path) {
          path.style.animation = 'none';
          path.offsetHeight; // trigger reflow
        }
      });

      cards[type].classList.add('active');
      const activePath = document.getElementById('path-' + type);
      if (activePath) {
        activePath.style.animation = 'drawLine 1.2s ease-out forwards';
      }

      // Audio synthesis of pitch trajectory
      try {
        const ctx = getAudioContext();
        const now = ctx.currentTime;
        const osc = ctx.createOscillator();
        const gain = ctx.createGain();

        osc.type = 'sine';
        osc.connect(gain);
        gain.connect(ctx.destination);

        gain.gain.setValueAtTime(0.01, now);
        gain.gain.linearRampToValueAtTime(0.2, now + 0.05);

        if (type === 0) {
          // Falling: flat pre-head, sharp drop on noon
          osc.frequency.setValueAtTime(220, now);
          osc.frequency.setValueAtTime(230, now + 0.6);
          osc.frequency.exponentialRampToValueAtTime(130, now + 1.1);
          gain.gain.setValueAtTime(0.2, now + 0.9);
          gain.gain.linearRampToValueAtTime(0.001, now + 1.2);
          osc.start(now);
          osc.stop(now + 1.2);
        } else if (type === 1) {
          // Rising: low pre-head, sharp rise on noon
          osc.frequency.setValueAtTime(170, now);
          osc.frequency.setValueAtTime(175, now + 0.6);
          osc.frequency.exponentialRampToValueAtTime(320, now + 1.1);
          gain.gain.setValueAtTime(0.2, now + 0.9);
          gain.gain.linearRampToValueAtTime(0.001, now + 1.2);
          osc.start(now);
          osc.stop(now + 1.2);
        } else if (type === 2) {
          // Fall-Rise: mid pre-head, fall then rise
          osc.frequency.setValueAtTime(220, now);
          osc.frequency.setValueAtTime(230, now + 0.5);
          osc.frequency.exponentialRampToValueAtTime(140, now + 0.85);
          osc.frequency.exponentialRampToValueAtTime(250, now + 1.2);
          gain.gain.setValueAtTime(0.2, now + 1.0);
          gain.gain.linearRampToValueAtTime(0.001, now + 1.3);
          osc.start(now);
          osc.stop(now + 1.3);
        }
      } catch (e) {
        // AudioContext fallback if blocked
      }
    }

    // Initialize with first contour highlighted
    window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => {
      const p0 = document.getElementById('path-0');
      if (p0) p0.style.strokeDashoffset = '0';
    });
  </script>
</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
    body {
      width: 100%;
      background: #ffffff;
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      color: #1e2945;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      padding: 12px 8px;
    }
    .wrapper {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 680px;
      position: relative;
    }
    svg {
      width: 100%;
      height: auto;
      display: block;
    }
    .controls {
      display: flex;
      justify-content: center;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 12px;
      margin-top: 8px;
    }
    .btn {
      background: #2563eb;
      color: #ffffff;
      border: none;
      border-radius: 6px;
      padding: 6px 14px;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
      cursor: pointer;
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
      transition: opacity 0.2s;
    }
    .btn:active {
      opacity: 0.8;
    }
    .playhead {
      transition: transform 0.05s linear;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

<div class="wrapper">
  <svg viewBox="0 0 680 340" aria-label="Acoustic timeline of rhetorical speech">
    <defs>
      
      <linearGradient id="gradPhrase1" x1="0%" y1="0%" x2="0%" y2="100%">
        <stop offset="0%" stop-color="#2563eb" stop-opacity="0.85"/>
        <stop offset="100%" stop-color="#2563eb" stop-opacity="0.15"/>
      </linearGradient>

      
      <linearGradient id="gradPhrase2" x1="0%" y1="0%" x2="0%" y2="100%">
        <stop offset="0%" stop-color="#f59e0b" stop-opacity="0.95"/>
        <stop offset="100%" stop-color="#f59e0b" stop-opacity="0.2"/>
      </linearGradient>

      
      <pattern id="pauseStripes" width="8" height="8" patternUnits="userSpaceOnUse" patternTransform="rotate(45)">
        <line x1="0" y1="0" x2="0" y2="8" stroke="#cbd5e1" stroke-width="2.5" />
      </pattern>
    </defs>

    
    <rect x="50" y="30" width="590" height="250" fill="#f8fafc" rx="8" />
    <line x1="50" y1="165" x2="640" y2="165" stroke="#e2e8f0" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-dasharray="4 4" />

    
    
    <circle cx="85" cy="50" r="4" fill="#94a3b8" id="dot-0" />
    <circle cx="125" cy="50" r="4" fill="#94a3b8" id="dot-1" />
    <circle cx="170" cy="50" r="8" fill="#2563eb" id="dot-2" />
    <circle cx="218" cy="50" r="8" fill="#2563eb" id="dot-3" />
    <circle cx="262" cy="50" r="4" fill="#94a3b8" id="dot-4" />

    
    <line x1="300" y1="36" x2="430" y2="36" stroke="#64748b" stroke-width="2" />
    <text x="365" y="30" text-anchor="middle" font-size="12" font-weight="700" fill="#64748b">0.8s Pause</text>

    
    <circle cx="455" cy="50" r="4" fill="#94a3b8" id="dot-5" />
    <circle cx="495" cy="50" r="4" fill="#94a3b8" id="dot-6" />
    <circle cx="545" cy="50" r="10" fill="#f59e0b" id="dot-7" />
    <circle cx="605" cy="50" r="11" fill="#f59e0b" id="dot-8" />

    
    <text x="85" y="82" text-anchor="middle" font-size="14" font-weight="500" fill="#64748b">We</text>
    <text x="125" y="82" text-anchor="middle" font-size="14" font-weight="500" fill="#64748b">will</text>
    <text x="170" y="82" text-anchor="middle" font-size="15" font-weight="800" fill="#2563eb">not</text>
    <text x="218" y="82" text-anchor="middle" font-size="15" font-weight="800" fill="#2563eb">wa-</text>
    <text x="262" y="82" text-anchor="middle" font-size="14" font-weight="500" fill="#64748b">ver</text>

    <text x="455" y="82" text-anchor="middle" font-size="14" font-weight="500" fill="#64748b">We</text>
    <text x="495" y="82" text-anchor="middle" font-size="14" font-weight="500" fill="#64748b">will</text>
    <text x="545" y="82" text-anchor="middle" font-size="16" font-weight="900" fill="#f59e0b">not</text>
    <text x="605" y="82" text-anchor="middle" font-size="17" font-weight="900" fill="#f59e0b">fail.</text>

    
    
    <rect x="300" y="105" width="130" height="140" fill="url(#pauseStripes)" stroke="#cbd5e1" stroke-width="1" rx="4" />

    
    <path d="M 65 175 
             C 85 155, 95 155, 105 170
             C 115 175, 125 150, 135 168
             C 150 120, 180 120, 195 165
             C 205 125, 230 125, 245 170
             C 255 172, 275 174, 298 175
             L 298 175
             C 275 176, 255 178, 245 180
             C 230 225, 205 225, 195 185
             C 180 230, 150 230, 135 182
             C 125 200, 115 175, 105 180
             C 95 195, 85 195, 65 175 Z" 
          fill="url(#gradPhrase1)" stroke="#2563eb" stroke-width="2" />

    
    <path d="M 432 175
             C 445 170, 455 160, 465 172
             C 475 174, 485 162, 495 170
             C 515 105, 555 105, 570 162
             C 580 90, 625 90, 635 175
             C 625 260, 580 260, 570 188
             C 555 245, 515 245, 495 180
             C 485 188, 475 176, 465 178
             C 455 190, 445 180, 432 175 Z" 
          fill="url(#gradPhrase2)" stroke="#f59e0b" stroke-width="2.5" />

    
    <text x="42" y="115" text-anchor="end" font-size="11" font-weight="600" fill="#94a3b8">+8 dB</text>
    <text x="42" y="178" text-anchor="end" font-size="11" font-weight="600" fill="#94a3b8">0 dB</text>
    <text x="42" y="240" text-anchor="end" font-size="11" font-weight="600" fill="#94a3b8">-8 dB</text>

    
    <line x1="50" y1="280" x2="640" y2="280" stroke="#1e2945" stroke-width="2" />
    
    
    <line x1="65" y1="280" x2="65" y2="287" stroke="#1e2945" stroke-width="1.5" />
    <text x="65" y="302" text-anchor="middle" font-size="12" fill="#1e2945">0.0s</text>

    <line x1="180" y1="280" x2="180" y2="287" stroke="#1e2945" stroke-width="1.5" />
    <text x="180" y="302" text-anchor="middle" font-size="12" fill="#1e2945">0.8s</text>

    <line x1="300" y1="280" x2="300" y2="287" stroke="#1e2945" stroke-width="1.5" />
    <text x="300" y="302" text-anchor="middle" font-size="12" fill="#1e2945">1.6s</text>

    <line x1="430" y1="280" x2="430" y2="287" stroke="#1e2945" stroke-width="1.5" />
    <text x="430" y="302" text-anchor="middle" font-size="12" fill="#1e2945">2.4s</text>

    <line x1="535" y1="280" x2="535" y2="287" stroke="#1e2945" stroke-width="1.5" />
    <text x="535" y="302" text-anchor="middle" font-size="12" fill="#1e2945">3.0s</text>

    <line x1="635" y1="280" x2="635" y2="287" stroke="#1e2945" stroke-width="1.5" />
    <text x="635" y="302" text-anchor="middle" font-size="12" fill="#1e2945">3.8s</text>

    <text x="345" y="328" text-anchor="middle" font-size="13" font-weight="700" fill="#1e2945">Time (seconds)</text>

    
    <g id="playheadGroup" transform="translate(65, 0)" style="opacity: 0;">
      <line x1="0" y1="35" x2="0" y2="280" stroke="#ef4444" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-dasharray="2 2" />
      <polygon points="-5,35 5,35 0,43" fill="#ef4444" />
    </g>
  </svg>

  <div class="controls">
    <button class="btn" id="playBtn" onclick="togglePlay()">
      <span id="btnIcon">▶</span> <span id="btnText">Play Prosody</span>
    </button>
  </div>
</div>

<script>
  let isPlaying = false;
  let animTimer = null;
  let audioCtx = null;

  // Syllable sequence timing (ms), relative X pos, frequency (Hz), volume, duration (s)
  const sequence = [
    { t: 0,    x: 85,  f: 180, v: 0.15, d: 0.18, id: 0 },
    { t: 250,  x: 125, f: 190, v: 0.18, d: 0.18, id: 1 },
    { t: 520,  x: 170, f: 260, v: 0.40, d: 0.28, id: 2 },
    { t: 840,  x: 218, f: 240, v: 0.35, d: 0.25, id: 3 },
    { t: 1120, x: 262, f: 160, v: 0.12, d: 0.22, id: 4 },
    // Caesura pause from ~1350ms to 2150ms (0.8s)
    { t: 2200, x: 455, f: 180, v: 0.15, d: 0.18, id: 5 },
    { t: 2450, x: 495, f: 200, v: 0.20, d: 0.18, id: 6 },
    { t: 2750, x: 545, f: 320, v: 0.60, d: 0.35, id: 7 },
    { t: 3150, x: 605, f: 300, v: 0.70, d: 0.45, id: 8 }
  ];

  const totalDuration = 3800; // ms

  function playTone(freq, volume, duration) {
    try {
      if (!audioCtx) audioCtx = new (window.AudioContext || window.webkitAudioContext)();
      if (audioCtx.state === 'suspended') audioCtx.resume();
      
      const osc = audioCtx.createOscillator();
      const gain = audioCtx.createGain();
      
      osc.type = 'sine';
      osc.frequency.setValueAtTime(freq, audioCtx.currentTime);
      
      gain.gain.setValueAtTime(0.001, audioCtx.currentTime);
      gain.gain.linearRampToValueAtTime(volume, audioCtx.currentTime + 0.04);
      gain.gain.exponentialRampToValueAtTime(0.001, audioCtx.currentTime + duration);
      
      osc.connect(gain);
      gain.connect(audioCtx.destination);
      
      osc.start();
      osc.stop(audioCtx.currentTime + duration);
    } catch (e) {
      // Audio context might be restricted before interaction
    }
  }

  function togglePlay() {
    if (isPlaying) {
      stopPlayback();
    } else {
      startPlayback();
    }
  }

  function startPlayback() {
    isPlaying = true;
    document.getElementById('btnIcon').textContent = '⏸';
    document.getElementById('btnText').textContent = 'Pause';
    
    const playhead = document.getElementById('playheadGroup');
    playhead.style.opacity = '1';

    const startTime = performance.now();
    const scheduled = new Set();

    function frame(now) {
      if (!isPlaying) return;
      const elapsed = now - startTime;

      if (elapsed >= totalDuration) {
        stopPlayback();
        return;
      }

      // Interpolate playhead X from 65 to 635
      const progress = elapsed / totalDuration;
      const currentX = 65 + (635 - 65) * progress;
      playhead.setAttribute('transform', `translate(${currentX}, 0)`);

      // Trigger syllable audio and dot flash
      sequence.forEach(step => {
        if (elapsed >= step.t && !scheduled.has(step.id)) {
          scheduled.add(step.id);
          playTone(step.f, step.v, step.d);
          flashDot(step.id);
        }
      });

      animTimer = requestAnimationFrame(frame);
    }

    animTimer = requestAnimationFrame(frame);
  }

  function flashDot(id) {
    const dot = document.getElementById('dot-' + id);
    if (!dot) return;
    const origTransform = dot.getAttribute('transform') || '';
    dot.style.filter = 'brightness(1.5)';
    setTimeout(() => {
      dot.style.filter = 'none';
    }, 250);
  }

  function stopPlayback() {
    isPlaying = false;
    if (animTimer) cancelAnimationFrame(animTimer);
    document.getElementById('btnIcon').textContent = '▶';
    document.getElementById('btnText').textContent = 'Play Prosody';
    const playhead = document.getElementById('playheadGroup');
    playhead.style.opacity = '0';
    playhead.setAttribute('transform', `translate(65, 0)`);
  }
</script>

</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <title>Sentence Stress & Pragmatic Meaning</title>
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
    }
    body {
      width: 100%;
      min-height: 100%;
      background: #ffffff;
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      color: #1e2945;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      padding: 16px 12px;
      user-select: none;
    }

    .widget-wrap {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 620px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 14px;
    }

    /* Pitch Contour Display */
    .contour-box {
      width: 100%;
      height: 60px;
      position: relative;
      background: #f8fafc;
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 12px;
      overflow: hidden;
    }

    .contour-svg {
      width: 100%;
      height: 100%;
      display: block;
    }

    .contour-label {
      position: absolute;
      left: 10px;
      top: 6px;
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 700;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      color: #94a3b8;
    }

    /* Sentence Word Buttons */
    .sentence-row {
      width: 100%;
      display: flex;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 6px;
    }

    .word-btn {
      appearance: none;
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 8px;
      padding: 10px 12px;
      font-size: 16px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #475569;
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: all 0.25s ease;
      position: relative;
      outline: none;
    }

    .word-btn:hover {
      border-color: #93c5fd;
      color: #1e2945;
    }

    .word-btn.active {
      background: #2563eb;
      border-color: #2563eb;
      color: #ffffff;
      box-shadow: 0 4px 14px rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.35);
      transform: translateY(-2px);
    }

    .word-btn.active::after {
      content: "▲";
      position: absolute;
      bottom: -10px;
      left: 50%;
      transform: translateX(-50%);
      font-size: 8px;
      color: #2563eb;
    }

    /* Meaning Output Card */
    .meaning-card {
      width: 100%;
      min-height: 84px;
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1px solid #e6e6e6;
      border-radius: 12px;
      padding: 12px 16px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      justify-content: center;
      align-items: center;
      text-align: center;
      box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04);
      position: relative;
    }

    .meaning-tag {
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 700;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.6px;
      color: #2563eb;
      margin-bottom: 4px;
    }

    .meaning-text {
      font-size: 16px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #1e2945;
      line-height: 1.35;
      transition: opacity 0.2s ease;
    }

    /* Controls footer */
    .control-row {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      width: 100%;
      padding: 0 4px;
    }

    .audio-btn {
      appearance: none;
      background: #f1f5f9;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
      color: #1e2945;
      border-radius: 8px;
      padding: 6px 12px;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
      cursor: pointer;
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
      transition: background 0.2s ease;
    }

    .audio-btn:hover {
      background: #e2e8f0;
    }

    .nav-group {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
    }

    .nav-btn {
      appearance: none;
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
      color: #1e2945;
      border-radius: 6px;
      width: 32px;
      height: 32px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: bold;
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: background 0.2s ease;
    }

    .nav-btn:hover {
      background: #f8fafc;
    }

    .step-indicator {
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #64748b;
      min-width: 48px;
      text-align: center;
    }

    @media (max-width: 440px) {
      .word-btn {
        padding: 8px 10px;
        font-size: 14px;
      }
      .meaning-text {
        font-size: 14px;
      }
      .contour-box {
        height: 50px;
      }
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="widget-wrap">
    
    
    <div class="contour-box">
      <span class="contour-label">Pitch Contour (F₀)</span>
      <svg class="contour-svg" viewBox="0 0 700 80" preserveAspectRatio="none">
        
        <path d="M 0 55 L 700 55" stroke="#e2e8f0" stroke-width="2" stroke-dasharray="4 4" fill="none" />
        
        <path id="pitchPath" d="" fill="none" stroke="#2563eb" stroke-width="3.5" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" />
        
        <circle id="pitchPeak" cx="50" cy="20" r="5" fill="#2563eb" />
      </svg>
    </div>

    
    <div class="sentence-row" id="sentenceRow">
      <button class="word-btn active" data-index="0">I</button>
      <button class="word-btn" data-index="1">never</button>
      <button class="word-btn" data-index="2">said</button>
      <button class="word-btn" data-index="3">she</button>
      <button class="word-btn" data-index="4">stole</button>
      <button class="word-btn" data-index="5">my</button>
      <button class="word-btn" data-index="6">money.</button>
    </div>

    
    <div class="meaning-card">
      <div class="meaning-tag" id="meaningTag">Stress on "I"</div>
      <div class="meaning-text" id="meaningText">"Someone else said it, not me."</div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="control-row">
      <button class="audio-btn" id="playAudioBtn">
        <span>🔊</span> Play Pitch
      </button>
      <div class="nav-group">
        <button class="nav-btn" id="prevBtn" aria-label="Previous word">←</button>
        <span class="step-indicator" id="stepCounter">1 / 7</span>
        <button class="nav-btn" id="nextBtn" aria-label="Next word">→</button>
      </div>
    </div>

  </div>

  <script>
    const data = [
      { word: "I", meaning: "Someone else said it, not me." },
      { word: "never", meaning: "I strongly deny ever saying it." },
      { word: "said", meaning: "I implied or wrote it, didn't say it aloud." },
      { word: "she", meaning: "Someone else stole it, not her." },
      { word: "stole", meaning: "She borrowed or took it, not stole." },
      { word: "my", meaning: "She stole someone else's money." },
      { word: "money", meaning: "She stole something else of mine." }
    ];

    let currentIndex = 0;
    const buttons = document.querySelectorAll('.word-btn');
    const meaningTag = document.getElementById('meaningTag');
    const meaningText = document.getElementById('meaningText');
    const stepCounter = document.getElementById('stepCounter');
    const pitchPath = document.getElementById('pitchPath');
    const pitchPeak = document.getElementById('pitchPeak');

    // Approximate X positions across 700px SVG coordinate space
    const peakXCoords = [50, 150, 250, 350, 450, 550, 650];

    function updateContour(index) {
      const peakX = peakXCoords[index];
      const baselineY = 55;
      const peakY = 18;
      const width = 110; // width of the pitch peak curve

      const leftX = Math.max(0, peakX - width);
      const rightX = Math.min(700, peakX + width);

      // Generate smooth natural pitch rise and fall
      let pathD = `M 0 ${baselineY} L ${leftX} ${baselineY} `;
      pathD += `C ${leftX + 40} ${baselineY}, ${peakX - 30} ${peakY}, ${peakX} ${peakY} `;
      pathD += `C ${peakX + 30} ${peakY}, ${rightX - 40} ${baselineY}, ${rightX} ${baselineY} `;
      pathD += `L 700 ${baselineY}`;

      pitchPath.setAttribute('d', pathD);
      pitchPeak.setAttribute('cx', peakX);
      pitchPeak.setAttribute('cy', peakY);
    }

    function selectWord(index) {
      currentIndex = index;
      buttons.forEach((btn, idx) => {
        btn.classList.toggle('active', idx === index);
      });

      const currentItem = data[index];
      meaningTag.textContent = `Stress on "${currentItem.word.replace('.', '')}"`;
      meaningText.style.opacity = '0';
      setTimeout(() => {
        meaningText.textContent = `"${currentItem.meaning}"`;
        meaningText.style.opacity = '1';
      }, 100);

      stepCounter.textContent = `${index + 1} / 7`;
      updateContour(index);
    }

    buttons.forEach((btn) => {
      btn.addEventListener('click', () => {
        const idx = parseInt(btn.getAttribute('data-index'), 10);
        selectWord(idx);
      });
    });

    document.getElementById('prevBtn').addEventListener('click', () => {
      selectWord((currentIndex - 1 + data.length) % data.length);
    });

    document.getElementById('nextBtn').addEventListener('click', () => {
      selectWord((currentIndex + 1) % data.length);
    });

    // Pitch audio synthesis using Web Audio API
    function playPitchSequence() {
      try {
        const ctx = new (window.AudioContext || window.webkitAudioContext)();
        const baseFreq = 160; // Hz
        const stressedFreq = 260; // Hz peak
        const wordDuration = 0.22; // sec per word

        data.forEach((_, idx) => {
          const osc = ctx.createOscillator();
          const gain = ctx.createGain();
          const startTime = ctx.currentTime + (idx * wordDuration);
          const isStressed = (idx === currentIndex);

          osc.type = isStressed ? 'triangle' : 'sine';
          
          if (isStressed) {
            // Pitch glide contour
            osc.frequency.setValueAtTime(baseFreq, startTime);
            osc.frequency.exponentialRampToValueAtTime(stressedFreq, startTime + wordDuration * 0.45);
            osc.frequency.exponentialRampToValueAtTime(baseFreq * 0.9, startTime + wordDuration * 0.95);
            gain.gain.setValueAtTime(0.35, startTime);
          } else {
            osc.frequency.setValueAtTime(baseFreq, startTime);
            osc.frequency.setValueAtTime(baseFreq * 0.95, startTime + wordDuration * 0.8);
            gain.gain.setValueAtTime(0.12, startTime);
          }

          gain.gain.exponentialRampToValueAtTime(0.001, startTime + wordDuration * 0.95);

          osc.connect(gain);
          gain.connect(ctx.destination);

          osc.start(startTime);
          osc.stop(startTime + wordDuration);
        });
      } catch (e) {
        // Fallback gracefully if Web Audio is restricted
      }
    }

    document.getElementById('playAudioBtn').addEventListener('click', playPitchSequence);

    // Initial render
    updateContour(0);
  </script>
</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
    body {
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #1e2945;
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      padding: 12px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 12px;
      user-select: none;
    }

    .workbench-grid {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: 1fr 1.2fr;
      gap: 10px;
    }

    @media (max-width: 520px) {
      .workbench-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
      }
    }

    .panel {
      background: #f8fafc;
      border: 1px solid #e6e6e6;
      border-radius: 8px;
      padding: 12px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 8px;
    }

    .panel-title {
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 700;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.6px;
      color: #64748b;
    }

    .sample-text {
      font-size: 16px;
      line-height: 1.6;
      color: #1e2945;
    }

    .prose-box {
      font-style: italic;
      color: #475569;
    }

    .token-container {
      display: flex;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 4px;
      font-family: ui-monospace, SFMono-Regular, Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, monospace;
      font-size: 15px;
      line-height: 1.8;
    }

    .token {
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      padding: 2px 6px;
      border-radius: 4px;
      cursor: pointer;
      font-weight: 600;
      border: 1px solid transparent;
      transition: background-color 0.2s, box-shadow 0.2s;
    }

    .token.pause { background: #e0f2fe; color: #0369a1; border-color: #bae6fd; }
    .token.pitch { background: #fef3c7; color: #b45309; border-color: #fde68a; }
    .token.caps { background: #fee2e2; color: #b91c1c; border-color: #fecaca; }
    .token.elong { background: #f3e8ff; color: #7e22ce; border-color: #e9d5ff; }
    .token.whisper { background: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-color: #cbd5e1; border-style: dashed; }

    .token.active {
      box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px #22b7ff;
    }

    /* Acoustic Feature Card */
    .feature-card {
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1px solid #e6e6e6;
      border-radius: 8px;
      padding: 12px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 10px;
    }

    .feature-header {
      display: flex;
      justify-content: space-between;
      align-items: center;
    }

    .feature-badge {
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 700;
      padding: 3px 8px;
      border-radius: 4px;
    }

    .feature-name {
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #1e2945;
    }

    .visual-display {
      height: 90px;
      background: #f8fafc;
      border-radius: 6px;
      border: 1px solid #f1f5f9;
      position: relative;
      overflow: hidden;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
    }

    svg {
      width: 100%;
      height: 100%;
    }

    .btn-row {
      display: flex;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
      gap: 6px;
    }

    .nav-btn {
      flex: 1;
      min-width: 60px;
      padding: 6px 4px;
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 600;
      border: 1px solid #e6e6e6;
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #1e2945;
      border-radius: 6px;
      cursor: pointer;
      text-align: center;
      transition: background 0.15s;
    }

    .nav-btn.active {
      background: #1e2945;
      color: #ffffff;
      border-color: #1e2945;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="workbench-grid">
    <div class="panel">
      <div class="panel-title">Standard Prose</div>
      <div class="sample-text prose-box">
        "I never said she stole my money."
      </div>
    </div>

    <div class="panel">
      <div class="panel-title">Prosodic Transcription</div>
      <div class="token-container">
        <span>I</span>
        <span class="token pause" data-idx="0">(0.6)</span>
        <span class="token pitch" data-idx="1">↑</span><span class="token caps" data-idx="2">NE</span><span class="token elong" data-idx="3">:::</span><span class="token caps" data-idx="2">VER</span>
        <span>said</span>
        <span class="token whisper" data-idx="4">°she stole°</span>
        <span>money.</span>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

  <div class="feature-card">
    <div class="feature-header">
      <span class="feature-name" id="featureTitle">Timed Pause</span>
      <span class="feature-badge pause" id="featureBadge">(0.6)</span>
    </div>

    <div class="visual-display">
      <svg viewBox="0 0 320 80" preserveAspectRatio="none" id="visualSvg"></svg>
    </div>

    <div class="btn-row">
      <button class="nav-btn active" data-idx="0">(0.6) Pause</button>
      <button class="nav-btn" data-idx="1">↑ Pitch</button>
      <button class="nav-btn" data-idx="2">CAPS Loud</button>
      <button class="nav-btn" data-idx="3">::: Length</button>
      <button class="nav-btn" data-idx="4">°Whisper°</button>
    </div>
  </div>

  <script>
    const features = [
      {
        name: "Timed Silence (0.6s)",
        symbol: "(0.6)",
        badgeClass: "pause",
        svg: `
          <line x1="20" y1="40" x2="110" y2="40" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="3" stroke-linecap="round"/>
          <line x1="110" y1="20" x2="110" y2="60" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="2"/>
          <line x1="110" y1="40" x2="210" y2="40" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="2" stroke-dasharray="4 4"/>
          <line x1="210" y1="20" x2="210" y2="60" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="2"/>
          <line x1="210" y1="40" x2="300" y2="40" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="3" stroke-linecap="round"/>
          <text x="160" y="32" text-anchor="middle" font-size="11" fill="#0284c7" font-weight="700">0.6s GAP</text>
        `
      },
      {
        name: "Pitch Step Up (F0 Shift)",
        symbol: "↑",
        badgeClass: "pitch",
        svg: `
          <path d="M 20 60 L 120 60 Q 140 60 150 25 L 300 25" fill="none" stroke="#d97706" stroke-width="3" stroke-linecap="round"/>
          <line x1="140" y1="55" x2="140" y2="30" stroke="#d97706" stroke-width="2" marker-end="url(#arrow)"/>
          <text x="175" y="45" font-size="11" fill="#d97706" font-weight="700">+80 Hz</text>
        `
      },
      {
        name: "Increased Amplitude (dB)",
        symbol: "CAPS",
        badgeClass: "caps",
        svg: `
          <path d="M 20 40 Q 45 30 70 40 Q 95 50 120 40 Q 145 0 170 40 Q 195 80 220 40 Q 245 30 270 40 L 300 40" fill="none" stroke="#dc2626" stroke-width="3" stroke-linecap="round"/>
          <line x1="170" y1="12" x2="170" y2="68" stroke="#dc2626" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-dasharray="2 2"/>
          <text x="180" y="20" font-size="11" fill="#dc2626" font-weight="700">+12 dB</text>
        `
      },
      {
        name: "Sound Elongation (Duration)",
        symbol: ":::",
        badgeClass: "elong",
        svg: `
          <rect x="30" y="32" width="60" height="16" rx="4" fill="#d8b4fe" />
          <text x="60" y="44" text-anchor="middle" font-size="10" fill="#6b21a8" font-weight="700">120ms</text>
          <text x="110" y="44" font-size="14" fill="#9333ea">→</text>
          <rect x="140" y="32" width="150" height="16" rx="4" fill="#9333ea" />
          <text x="215" y="44" text-anchor="middle" font-size="10" fill="#ffffff" font-weight="700">380ms (:::)</text>
        `
      },
      {
        name: "Reduced Volume (Whisper)",
        symbol: "°...°",
        badgeClass: "whisper",
        svg: `
          <path d="M 20 40 Q 50 15 80 40 Q 110 65 140 40 Q 170 34 200 40 Q 230 46 260 40 L 300 40" fill="none" stroke="#64748b" stroke-width="2"/>
          <rect x="140" y="25" width="130" height="30" fill="#f1f5f9" stroke="#cbd5e1" stroke-dasharray="3 3" rx="4" opacity="0.8"/>
          <text x="205" y="44" text-anchor="middle" font-size="11" fill="#475569" font-weight="700">-18 dB</text>
        `
      }
    ];

    let currentIdx = 0;
    const titleEl = document.getElementById('featureTitle');
    const badgeEl = document.getElementById('featureBadge');
    const svgEl = document.getElementById('visualSvg');
    const tokens = document.querySelectorAll('.token');
    const btns = document.querySelectorAll('.nav-btn');

    function showFeature(idx) {
      currentIdx = idx;
      const f = features[idx];
      
      titleEl.textContent = f.name;
      badgeEl.textContent = f.symbol;
      badgeEl.className = 'feature-badge ' + f.badgeClass;
      svgEl.innerHTML = f.svg;

      tokens.forEach(t => {
        t.classList.toggle('active', parseInt(t.dataset.idx) === idx);
      });

      btns.forEach((b, i) => {
        b.classList.toggle('active', i === idx);
      });
    }

    tokens.forEach(t => {
      t.addEventListener('click', () => showFeature(parseInt(t.dataset.idx)));
    });

    btns.forEach((b, i) => {
      b.addEventListener('click', () => showFeature(i));
    });

    showFeature(0);
  </script>
</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, sans-serif;
      background: #f8f9fa;
      color: #1e2945;
      padding: 12px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      min-height: 100%;
      user-select: none;
    }
    .wrapper {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 680px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 8px;
    }
    .top-bar {
      display: flex;
      justify-content: space-between;
      align-items: center;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
      gap: 6px;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
    }
    .badge {
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 4px;
      padding: 3px 8px;
      border-radius: 6px;
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 600;
    }
    .badge-pitch { background: #e0f2fe; color: #0369a1; border: 1px solid #bae6fd; }
    .badge-intensity { background: #ffedd5; color: #c2410c; border: 1px solid #fed7aa; }
    .badge-segment { background: #f1f5f9; color: #334155; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; }
    
    .btn-sound {
      background: #fff;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
      color: #1e2945;
      padding: 4px 10px;
      border-radius: 6px;
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 600;
      cursor: pointer;
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 4px;
      box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);
    }
    .btn-sound:active { background: #f1f5f9; }

    .chart-container {
      position: relative;
      width: 100%;
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 10px;
      overflow: hidden;
      box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.04);
    }

    svg {
      display: block;
      width: 100%;
      height: auto;
    }

    .tier-label {
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 700;
      letter-spacing: 0.3px;
    }

    .word-btn {
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: opacity 0.2s;
    }
    .word-btn:hover {
      opacity: 0.8;
    }

    .hint {
      text-align: center;
      font-size: 12px;
      color: #64748b;
      margin-top: 2px;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

<div class="wrapper">
  <div class="top-bar">
    <div style="display: flex; gap: 6px; flex-wrap: wrap;">
      <span class="badge badge-pitch">Pitch (F₀)</span>
      <span class="badge badge-intensity">Intensity</span>
      <span class="badge badge-segment">Segments</span>
    </div>
    <button class="btn-sound" id="playAudioBtn">
      <span>▶ Play Contour</span>
    </button>
  </div>

  <div class="chart-container">
    <svg id="prosodySvg" viewBox="0 0 680 340">
      <defs>
        
        <linearGradient id="pitchGrad" x1="0" y1="0" x2="0" y2="1">
          <stop offset="0%" stop-color="#0284c7" stop-opacity="0.25"/>
          <stop offset="100%" stop-color="#0284c7" stop-opacity="0.0"/>
        </linearGradient>
        <linearGradient id="intensityGrad" x1="0" y1="0" x2="0" y2="1">
          <stop offset="0%" stop-color="#ea580c" stop-opacity="0.3"/>
          <stop offset="100%" stop-color="#ea580c" stop-opacity="0.0"/>
        </linearGradient>
      </defs>

      
      <path d="M 12 30 L 6 30 L 6 115 L 2 115 L 6 115 L 6 200 L 12 200" fill="none" stroke="#64748b" stroke-width="1.5" />
      <text x="14" y="119" fill="#475569" font-size="10" font-weight="700" transform="rotate(-90 14 119)" text-anchor="middle">SUPRASEGMENTALS</text>

      
      
      <rect x="75" y="16" width="585" height="85" fill="#f0f9ff" rx="6" />
      <text x="85" y="32" fill="#0369a1" class="tier-label">PITCH / F₀ (Hz)</text>
      
      
      <rect x="75" y="110" width="585" height="85" fill="#fff7ed" rx="6" />
      <text x="85" y="126" fill="#c2410c" class="tier-label">INTENSITY (dB)</text>

      
      <rect x="75" y="204" width="585" height="96" fill="#f8fafc" rx="6" />
      <text x="85" y="220" fill="#475569" class="tier-label">SEGMENTS / PHONEMES</text>

      
      <path id="pitchArea" fill="url(#pitchGrad)" />
      <path id="pitchLine" fill="none" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" />

      <path id="intensityArea" fill="url(#intensityGrad)" />
      <path id="intensityLine" fill="none" stroke="#ea580c" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" />

      
      <g id="wordColumns"></g>

      
      <line x1="75" y1="316" x2="655" y2="316" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="1.5" marker-end="url(#arrow)" />
      <text x="655" y="330" fill="#64748b" font-size="10" font-weight="600" text-anchor="end">Time (t) →</text>
    </svg>
  </div>

  <div class="hint">Tap any word to shift prosodic stress</div>
</div>

<script>
  const words = [
    { text: "I", ipa: "/aɪ/", x: 115 },
    { text: "never", ipa: "/ˈnɛv.ər/", x: 195 },
    { text: "said", ipa: "/sɛd/", x: 280 },
    { text: "she", ipa: "/ʃiː/", x: 360 },
    { text: "stole", ipa: "/stoʊl/", x: 440 },
    { text: "my", ipa: "/maɪ/", x: 520 },
    { text: "money", ipa: "/ˈmʌn.i/", x: 600 }
  ];

  let stressedIdx = 1; // Default stress on "never"

  const colGroup = document.getElementById('wordColumns');
  const pitchLine = document.getElementById('pitchLine');
  const pitchArea = document.getElementById('pitchArea');
  const intensityLine = document.getElementById('intensityLine');
  const intensityArea = document.getElementById('intensityArea');
  const playBtn = document.getElementById('playAudioBtn');

  function renderColumns() {
    colGroup.innerHTML = '';
    words.forEach((w, i) => {
      const isStressed = (i === stressedIdx);
      const g = document.createElementNS('http://www.w3.org/2000/svg', 'g');
      g.setAttribute('class', 'word-btn');
      g.onclick = () => { stressedIdx = i; updateTiers(); };

      // Highlight column box
      const colBox = document.createElementNS('http://www.w3.org/2000/svg', 'rect');
      colBox.setAttribute('x', w.x - 36);
      colBox.setAttribute('y', 16);
      colBox.setAttribute('width', 72);
      colBox.setAttribute('height', 284);
      colBox.setAttribute('rx', 6);
      colBox.setAttribute('fill', isStressed ? 'rgba(2, 132, 199, 0.08)' : 'transparent');
      colBox.setAttribute('stroke', isStressed ? '#0284c7' : '#e2e8f0');
      colBox.setAttribute('stroke-width', isStressed ? '1.5' : '1');
      colBox.setAttribute('stroke-dasharray', isStressed ? 'none' : '3 3');
      g.appendChild(colBox);

      // Word text
      const tWord = document.createElementNS('http://www.w3.org/2000/svg', 'text');
      tWord.setAttribute('x', w.x);
      tWord.setAttribute('y', 248);
      tWord.setAttribute('text-anchor', 'middle');
      tWord.setAttribute('fill', isStressed ? '#0284c7' : '#1e2945');
      tWord.setAttribute('font-size', '14');
      tWord.setAttribute('font-weight', isStressed ? '800' : '600');
      tWord.textContent = w.text;
      g.appendChild(tWord);

      // IPA text
      const tIpa = document.createElementNS('http://www.w3.org/2000/svg', 'text');
      tIpa.setAttribute('x', w.x);
      tIpa.setAttribute('y', 274);
      tIpa.setAttribute('text-anchor', 'middle');
      tIpa.setAttribute('fill', isStressed ? '#0369a1' : '#64748b');
      tIpa.setAttribute('font-size', '12');
      tIpa.setAttribute('font-family', 'monospace');
      tIpa.textContent = w.ipa;
      g.appendChild(tIpa);

      colGroup.appendChild(g);
    });
  }

  function updateTiers() {
    renderColumns();

    // Generate Pitch Curve (F0)
    // Range: x from 85 to 645. Pitch Tier y: 16 to 101 (baseline at y=70)
    let pitchPts = [];
    for (let x = 85; x <= 645; x += 4) {
      const declination = 58 + (x - 85) * 0.035; // natural downdrift
      const targetX = words[stressedIdx].x;
      const dist = x - targetX;
      // Prominent pitch peak at stressed word
      const bump = 34 * Math.exp(- (dist * dist) / (2 * 28 * 28));
      const y = declination - bump;
      pitchPts.push({x, y});
    }

    const dPitch = pitchPts.reduce((acc, p, i) => acc + (i === 0 ? `M ${p.x} ${p.y}` : ` L ${p.x} ${p.y}`), '');
    pitchLine.setAttribute('d', dPitch);
    pitchArea.setAttribute('d', `${dPitch} L 645 95 L 85 95 Z`);

    // Generate Intensity Envelopes (dB)
    // Tier 2 y: 110 to 195 (baseline bottom y=188)
    let intPts = [];
    for (let x = 85; x <= 645; x += 3) {
      let yBase = 184;
      let amp = 0;
      words.forEach((w, i) => {
        const isS = (i === stressedIdx);
        const peakHeight = isS ? 58 : 28;
        const widthSigma = isS ? 22 : 16;
        const d = x - w.x;
        amp += peakHeight * Math.exp(- (d * d) / (2 * widthSigma * widthSigma));
      });
      const y = yBase - Math.min(68, amp);
      intPts.push({x, y});
    }

    const dInt = intPts.reduce((acc, p, i) => acc + (i === 0 ? `M ${p.x} ${p.y}` : ` L ${p.x} ${p.y}`), '');
    intensityLine.setAttribute('d', dInt);
    intensityArea.setAttribute('d', `${dInt} L 645 188 L 85 188 Z`);
  }

  // Web Audio Intonation Synthesis
  function playProsodyAudio() {
    const AudioContext = window.AudioContext || window.webkitAudioContext;
    if (!AudioContext) return;
    const ctx = new AudioContext();
    const now = ctx.currentTime;
    
    const totalDuration = 1.8;
    const osc = ctx.createOscillator();
    const gain = ctx.createGain();
    
    osc.type = 'sine';
    gain.gain.setValueAtTime(0, now);

    // Schedule frequencies and gains according to words
    words.forEach((w, i) => {
      const isS = (i === stressedIdx);
      const t = now + (i * (totalDuration / words.length));
      const dur = totalDuration / words.length;

      const baseFreq = 160 - (i * 8);
      const peakFreq = isS ? baseFreq + 90 : baseFreq + 20;

      // Pitch glide
      osc.frequency.setValueAtTime(baseFreq, t);
      osc.frequency.linearRampToValueAtTime(peakFreq, t + dur * 0.4);
      osc.frequency.exponentialRampToValueAtTime(Math.max(80, baseFreq - 15), t + dur * 0.95);

      // Amplitude bursts
      const targetGain = isS ? 0.28 : 0.12;
      gain.gain.setValueAtTime(0.01, t);
      gain.gain.linearRampToValueAtTime(targetGain, t + dur * 0.3);
      gain.gain.exponentialRampToValueAtTime(0.001, t + dur * 0.9);
    });

    osc.connect(gain);
    gain.connect(ctx.destination);

    osc.start(now);
    osc.stop(now + totalDuration + 0.1);
  }

  playBtn.onclick = playProsodyAudio;

  // Initialize
  updateTiers();
</script>

</body>
</html>

Articulatory Mechanics of Consonants: Place and Manner

Vowel Quadrilaterals, Monophthongs, and Diphthongal Glides

Phonological Processes: Assimilation, Elision, and Insertion

Acoustic Phonetics and Spectrographic Cues in Speech

English Phonetics, Phonology, and Articulatory Mechanics

Introduction to the Integrated Linguistic and Literary Toolkit

Sound Iconicity and Phonological Patterning

Lexical Classification: Open and Closed Word Classes

Morphology and Etymology: Word Formation Processes

Denotation, Connotation, and Lexical Fields

Lexical Semantics: Synonymy, Antonymy, and Hyponymy

Figurative Language: Metaphor, Metonymy, and Synecdoche

Language Levels: Phonology, Lexis, and Semantics

Introduction to Articulatory Phonetics: Places and Manners of Articulation

The International Phonetic Alphabet: Transcribing English Vowels and Diphthongs

Connected Speech Processes: Assimilation, Elision, and Liaison

Prosodic Features: Intonation, Pitch, and Tone Units

Prosodic Features: Stress, Rhythm, Volume, and Tempo

Sound Iconicity: Phonesthemes and Phonological Stylistics

Analysing Spoken Transcripts Using Phonetic and Prosodic Annotations

Linguistic Frameworks: Phonetics, Phonology, and Prosodics

La oración compuesta: coordinación y yuxtaposición

Oraciones subordinadas sustantivas y sus funciones

Oraciones subordinadas adjetivas: explicativas y especificativas

Pronombres relativos complejos: el cual, cuyo y quien

Oraciones subordinadas adverbiales de tiempo, lugar y modo

Subordinadas causales, finales e ilativas

Subordinadas condicionales y concesivas en la argumentación

Uso del subjuntivo en estructuras de duda, deseo y posibilidad

Correlación temporal y concordancia de tiempos verbales

Oraciones compuestas y subordinadas: estructura y relaciones

Formas no personales del verbo: infinitivo, gerundio y participio

Voz pasiva perifrástica y pasiva refleja

Estructuras paralelas y paralelismo sintáctico

Modificadores desplazados y anfibologías sintácticas

Queísmo y dequeísmo: norma y corrección

Estilística y corrección sintáctica avanzada

Intonation Contours and Pragmatic Meaning in Dialogue

Representing Prosodic and Paralinguistic Cues in Writing

Prosody, Intonation Contours, and Acoustic Rhetoric

El punto y coma en oraciones complejas y yuxtapuestas

Los dos puntos en citas, explicaciones y conclusiones

La raya, los paréntesis y los corchetes como incisos

Comillas latinas, inglesas y simples: jerarquía tipográfica

Signos de puntuación delimitadores en textos complejos

Pre-Verbal Communication and Early Phonology: Cooing, Babbling, and Phonemic Expansion

Phonological Simplification Processes in Early Speech

Lexical and Semantic Development: Holophrastic Stage and Vocabulary Spurt

Semantic Errors: Overextension, Underextension, and Categorical Relations

Syntactic Milestones: Two-Word, Telegraphic, and Post-Telegraphic Stages

Morphological Acquisition: Brown's Stages and Berko's Wug Test

Pragmatic Development: Halliday's Functions and Conversational Skills

Theoretical Approaches to CLA: Nativist, Behaviourist, and Interactionist Models

Child-Directed Speech: Features and Debates on Caregiver Input

Child Language Acquisition: Spoken Development

Eliminación de la redundancia y pleonasmos en la prosa académica

Adecuación del registro formal y eliminación de coloquialismos

El principio de coherencia global: unidad temática del texto

Protocolo de autocorrección y revisión entre pares

Edición de estilo y autocorrección de textos académicos

Emergent Literacy and Reading Development: Phonics versus Whole Word

Graphological Development: Letter Formation and Directionality

Orthographic Development and Spelling Stages: Gentry's Model

Phonetic and Visual Spelling Errors: Overgeneralisation and Omission

Stages of Writing Development: Kroll's Model and Syntactic Growth

Genres and Functions of Children's Writing: Britton and Rothery

Analysing Children's Written Data: Systematic Framework Application

Child Language Acquisition: Literacy and Written Development

Raíces griegas en el léxico científico y filosófico

Raíces latinas en el léxico humanístico y jurídico

Prefijos y sufijos cultos y su valor transformador

Etimología grecolatina y formación de palabras cultas

Accent, Dialect, and Sociolect in Spoken Voices

Historical Spoken Voices: Analysing Archival Transcripts

Constructed Dialogue and Represented Speech in Oral Narratives

Gender and Interaction in Spoken Discourse

Humour, Irony, and Sarcasm in Spoken Interaction

Courtroom and Legal Discourse: Institutional Constraints

Classroom and Educational Talk: The IRE Structure

Digital Spoken Hybridity: Voice Notes and Live Streams

Comparative Analysis of Two Contrasting Spoken Transcripts

Essay Writing on Spoken Voices and Transcription Data

Spoken Voices in Social, Institutional, and Comparative Contexts

Accent versus Dialect and Received Pronunciation (RP)

Phonological Variation Across the UK: Isoglosses and Vowel Splits

Dialectal Grammar and Morphosyntactic Variation in the British Isles

Trudgill's Norwich Study and Social Class Stratification

Dialect Levelling and Estuary English: Kerswill and Rosewarne

Multicultural London English (MLE) and Urban Youth Dialects

Language Attitudes Towards Accents: Matched-Guise Technique and Giles

Prescriptivism versus Descriptivism in Regional Language Debates

Language Diversity: Accents, Dialects, and Regional Variation

Estrategias de clave de contexto para términos desconocidos

Denotación, connotación y carga ideológica del léxico

Sinonimia conceptual: matices semánticos y precisión

Antonimia gradual, complementaria y recíproca

Polisemia, homonimia y ambigüedad léxica

Campos semánticos y redes conceptuales en el texto

Relaciones semánticas y precisión léxica en textos académicos

Conectores discursivos: estructuradores y contraargumentativos

Latinismos y locuciones latinas de uso académico

Neologismos, extranjerismos y préstamos lingüísticos

El lenguaje metafórico en la construcción del pensamiento teórico

Recursos discursivos del lenguaje académico

Periods of English: From Synthetic Old English to Analytic Modern English

The Great Vowel Shift and Historical Spelling Inconsistencies

Processes of Semantic Change: Broadening, Narrowing, Pejoration, and Amelioration

External Drivers of Change: Invasions, Trade, Technology, and Social Change

Internal Drivers and Linguistic Models: S-Curve, Wave Model, and Least Effort

Standardisation Processes: Haugen's Four-Stage Model and Johnson's Dictionary

Metaphors for Language Change: Jean Aitchison's Parody Models

Analysing Historical Texts: Side-by-Side Comparative Methodology

Language Change Over Time

Kachru's Three Circles Model: Inner, Outer, and Expanding Circles

Schneider's Dynamic Model of Postcolonial Englishes

English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) and Seidlhofer's VOICE Project

Pidgins and Creoles: Creolisation, Decreolisation, and the Creole Continuum

American versus British English: Lexical, Orthographic, and Grammatical Contrasts

OGE.12.LAN.1

Aligned learning resources

Related diagrams