<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
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</head>
<body>
  <div class="matrix-wrap">
    
    <div class="header-bar">
      <div class="main-title">Validity (Structure) vs. Truth (Content)</div>
      <div class="axis-legend">
        <span>▲ Row 1: True Premises (Reality)</span>
        <span>▼ Row 2: False Premises (Unreal)</span>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="grid-container col-header-group" style="gap: 8px; margin-bottom: -4px;">
      <div class="col-header valid">✔ Valid Form (Airtight Link)</div>
      <div class="col-header invalid">✖ Invalid Form (Broken Link)</div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="grid-container">
      
      <div class="tile tile-sound active" tabindex="0" data-quadrant="sound" role="button" aria-label="Sound Deduction">
        <div class="tile-badge-row">
          <span class="tile-badge badge-sound">✔ SOUND DEDUCTION</span>
          
          <svg class="bridge-icon" viewBox="0 0 24 14" fill="none" stroke="#10b981" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round">
            <path d="M 2 12 C 2 5, 22 5, 22 12" />
            <path d="M 2 12 L 6 12 M 18 12 L 22 12" />
          </svg>
        </div>
        <div class="syllogism">
          <div>All dogs are mammals.</div>
          <div>Beagles are dogs.</div>
          <div class="syllogism-divider"></div>
          <div class="conclusion"><span class="arrow">➔</span> Beagles are mammals.</div>
        </div>
      </div>

      
      <div class="tile tile-invalid-true" tabindex="0" data-quadrant="invalid-true" role="button" aria-label="Invalid Form">
        <div class="tile-badge-row">
          <span class="tile-badge badge-invalid-true">✖ INVALID FORM</span>
          
          <svg class="bridge-icon" viewBox="0 0 24 14" fill="none" stroke="#f43f5e" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round">
            <path d="M 2 12 C 2 7, 9 7, 10 10" />
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            <line x1="10.5" y1="5" x2="13.5" y2="12" stroke-dasharray="1.5 1.5" />
          </svg>
        </div>
        <div class="syllogism">
          <div>Paris is in France.</div>
          <div>Dogs bark.</div>
          <div class="syllogism-divider"></div>
          <div class="conclusion"><span class="arrow">➔</span> The sky is blue.</div>
        </div>
      </div>

      
      <div class="tile tile-unsound-valid" tabindex="0" data-quadrant="unsound-valid" role="button" aria-label="Unsound but Valid">
        <div class="tile-badge-row">
          <span class="tile-badge badge-unsound-valid">⚠ VALID BUT UNSOUND</span>
          
          <svg class="bridge-icon" viewBox="0 0 24 14" fill="none" stroke="#f59e0b" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round">
            <path d="M 2 12 C 2 5, 22 5, 22 12" />
            <path d="M 2 12 L 6 12 M 18 12 L 22 12" />
          </svg>
        </div>
        <div class="syllogism">
          <div>All fish breathe fire.</div>
          <div>A goldfish is a fish.</div>
          <div class="syllogism-divider"></div>
          <div class="conclusion"><span class="arrow">➔</span> A goldfish breathes fire.</div>
        </div>
      </div>

      
      <div class="tile tile-broken" tabindex="0" data-quadrant="broken" role="button" aria-label="Invalid and False">
        <div class="tile-badge-row">
          <span class="tile-badge badge-broken">✖ INVALID &amp; FALSE</span>
          
          <svg class="bridge-icon" viewBox="0 0 24 14" fill="none" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round">
            <path d="M 2 12 C 2 7, 9 7, 10 10" />
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        </div>
        <div class="syllogism">
          <div>Cats are fish.</div>
          <div>Birds breathe water.</div>
          <div class="syllogism-divider"></div>
          <div class="conclusion"><span class="arrow">➔</span> Dogs speak French.</div>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="ribbon" id="ribbon" aria-live="polite">
      <span class="ribbon-icon" id="ribbonIcon">💡</span>
      <span class="ribbon-text" id="ribbonText">
        <strong>Sound Deduction:</strong> Solid logical structure paired with verified facts in reality.
      </span>
    </div>
  </div>

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        html: '<strong>Invalid Structure:</strong> Every premise is factually true, but the conclusion does not follow from them.'
      },
      'unsound-valid': {
        icon: '🌉',
        html: '<strong>Valid but Unsound:</strong> The bridge is flawless (IF premises were true, conclusion MUST follow), but the premises are false.'
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      'broken': {
        icon: '🚫',
        html: '<strong>Completely Broken:</strong> Flawed logical bridge combined with false factual statements.'
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</body>
</html>

Evaluating Premise Validity and Deductive Soundness

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
    }
    body {
      background: transparent;
      color: #1e2945;
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      flex-direction: column;
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      justify-content: center;
      gap: 8px;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #be123c;
      text-align: center;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  
  <div class="panel">
    <div class="panel-header">
      <span>Argument Form</span>
      <span class="tag tag-invalid">Structure Flaw</span>
    </div>
    <div class="grid-rows">
      <div class="item-row">
        <span class="item-label">🐱 All cats are mammals</span>
        <span class="tag tag-true">Premise 1</span>
      </div>
      <div class="item-row">
        <span class="item-label">🐶 A dog is a mammal</span>
        <span class="tag tag-true">Premise 2</span>
      </div>
      <div class="item-row conclusion-row">
        <span class="item-label">➔ Dog is a cat</span>
        <span class="tag tag-false">Conclusion</span>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

  
  <div class="panel">
    <div class="panel-header">
      <span>Counterexample Test</span>
      <span class="tag tag-true">Real World</span>
    </div>

    <div class="venn-container">
      <div class="mammal-box">
        <span class="mammal-title">Category: Mammals</span>
        <div class="entity">
          <span>🐱 Cat</span>
          <span style="font-size:10px; color:#15803d;">Premise 1: True</span>
        </div>
        <div class="not-equal">≠</div>
        <div class="entity">
          <span>🐶 Dog</span>
          <span style="font-size:10px; color:#15803d;">Premise 2: True</span>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>

    <div class="alert-badge">
      <span>⚠️ Invalid: True Premises + False Conclusion</span>
    </div>
  </div>

</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, sans-serif;
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      border-radius: 12px;
      font-size: 12px;
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  </style>
</head>
<body>

  
  <div class="controls">
    <button class="btn active" onclick="setMode('sound')">Sound</button>
    <button class="btn" onclick="setMode('penguins')">Penguin Example</button>
    <button class="btn" onclick="setMode('invalid')">Invalid Logic</button>
  </div>

  
  <div class="stage">
    
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    <div class="gates-row">
      <div id="gate1" class="gate-card pass">
        <div class="gate-num">Filter 1</div>
        <div class="gate-title">Validity</div>
        <div class="gate-sub">Logical Structure</div>
        <div id="badge1" class="gate-badge">✓ Valid</div>
      </div>

      <div id="arrowMid" class="arrow-mid active">➔</div>

      <div id="gate2" class="gate-card pass">
        <div class="gate-num">Filter 2</div>
        <div class="gate-title">Truth</div>
        <div class="gate-sub">Factual Accuracy</div>
        <div id="badge2" class="gate-badge">✓ True</div>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="outcomes-row">
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        <div class="outcome-desc">Fails 1 or both filters</div>
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
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      <button class="step-btn" id="btn2" onclick="setStep(2)">2. Unstated Premise</button>
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      Solar energy produces zero direct emissions.
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      Therefore, solar panels have zero negative footprint.
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <title>Deductive Argument Structure</title>
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    /* Argument Cards */
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  <div class="diagram-flow">
    
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      <button class="tab-btn" id="btnUnsound" onclick="setMode('unsound')">Unsound Example</button>
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    <div class="arg-card">
      <div class="card-top">
        <span class="card-title">Premise 1 (Major)</span>
        <span class="badge" id="badgeP1">Evidence / Foundation</span>
      </div>
      <div class="card-statement" id="textP1">All humans are mortal</div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="arg-card">
      <div class="card-top">
        <span class="card-title">Premise 2 (Minor)</span>
        <span class="badge" id="badgeP2">Evidence / Foundation</span>
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      <div class="card-statement" id="textP2">Socrates is human</div>
    </div>

    
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        <span class="card-title" id="conclusionTitle">Conclusion</span>
        <span class="badge derived" id="badgeConc">Derived Truth</span>
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      <div class="card-statement" id="textConc">Therefore, Socrates is mortal</div>
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Identifying Structural Divisions in Texts

Analysing Sentence Length and Type for Effect

Analysing Sentence Variety and Effect in Texts

Analysing Paragraph Openings and Endings

Analysing Shifts and Turns in Narrative Structure

Analysing Structural Devices: Foreshadowing and Flashback

Analysing Narrative Perspective and Viewpoint

Linking Structural Choices to Writer's Purpose and Effect

Analysing Text Structure and Form

Typy argumentów — logiczne, rzeczowe, emocjonalne i autorytetu

Argumenty rzeczowe: fakty, dane statystyczne i badania naukowe

Argument z autorytetu — etyka i warunki rzetelności

Argumentacja z analogii i porównania

Argument z przeciwieństwa i kontrastu

Argumentacja a fortiori: z mocniejszego i słabszego

Argumenty aksjologiczne: odwołanie do wartości i norm etycznych

Argumentacja pragmatyczna: ocena czynów przez skutki

Typologia argumentów: od faktów do wartości

Identifying Writers' Ideas and Perspectives in Texts

Comparing Writers' Viewpoints on the Same Topic

Comparing Vocabulary Across Texts on the Same Topic

Comparing How Writers Convey Ideas Through Language

Comparing How Writers Convey Ideas Through Structure

Writing Comparative Responses: Using Comparative Connectives

Comparing Texts from Different Time Periods

AQA-Style Paper 2: Structuring a Comparative Response

Comparing Texts: Writers' Ideas and Perspectives

Argumentacja indukcyjna: od szczegółu do ogółu

Argumentacja dedukcyjna: sylogizm i jego zastosowanie

Dowodzenie nie wprost: reductio ad absurdum

Argumentacja historyczna i precedensowa

Dobór argumentów ze względu na profil audytorium

Ważenie siły argumentów: dowody decydujące i posiłkowe

Rozpoznawanie ukrytych przesłanek w entymematach

Tworzenie zintegrowanego łańcucha argumentacyjnego

Analiza typów argumentów w dyskursie filozoficznym i eseistycznym

Logika dowodzenia i struktura wywodu argumentacyjnego

What Does It Mean to Evaluate a Text Critically?

Judging the Effectiveness of a Writer's Choices

Evaluating Text Structures Against Stated Purposes

Evaluating Reliability and Bias in Non-Fiction Texts

Substantiating Evaluations with Textual Evidence

Evaluating the Impact of a Text on Its Intended Reader

Edexcel-Style Evaluation: Writing a Critical Response

Critical Evaluation of Texts

Reading Charts and Graphs in Historical Sources

Reading Quantitative Data in Historical Analysis

Integrating Quantitative Data With Qualitative Historical Analysis

Combining Statistical Evidence With Narrative Accounts

Determining Whether Evidence Is Sufficient to Support a Claim

Assessing the Strength of Reasoning in Historical Arguments

Identifying Unsupported Claims in Historical Writing

Assessing Whether Evidence Is Sufficient in Informational Text

Detecting Bias and Perspective in Historical Arguments

Assessing Author Credibility in Historical Sources

Integrating Data and Evaluating Arguments in History

Identifying Informal Fallacies and Eristic Tactics

Uncovering Demagoguery and Rhetorical Manipulation

Evaluating Evidence, Data Sources, and Disinformation in Social Debates

Detecting Cognitive Biases in Informational Claims

Logical Fallacies, Cognitive Biases, and Argument Validity

Argument ad personam: atak na osobę zamiast polemiki z tezą

Argument ad hominem: wytknięta niekonsekwencja a manipulacja

Argument ad misericordiam: granie na uczuciach i litości

Argument ad baculum: szantaż i odwołanie do groźby

Argument ad ignorantiam: odwołanie do niewiedzy

Argument ad populum: odwołanie do przesądów i tłumu

Argument ad traditionem i ad novitatem: pułapki wieku idei

Fałszywy autorytet i cytowanie wyrwane z kontekstu

Pozamerytoryczne fortele erystyczne: manipulacje emocjami i relacją

Atak na chochoła (straw man) i zniekształcanie stanowiska

Fałszywa dychotomia i pozorny dylemat

Równia pochyła (slippery slope) i nieuzasadniony katastrofizm

Błędne koło w rozumowaniu (circulus in probando)

Post hoc ergo propter hoc: mylenie następstwa z przyczyną

Pochopne uogólnienie i dowód anegdotyczny

Pływanie pojęć, ekwiwokacja i wieloznaczność terminów

Pytania sugestywne i złożone presupozycje

Erystyka Schopenhauera — katalog chwytów i metody obrony

Warsztat demaskowania błędów argumentacyjnych w debacie publicznej

Błędy logiczne i manipulacje strukturą argumentacji

Narodziny erystyki — sztuka prowadzenia sporów według Schopenhauera

Argumentum ad personam — atak na rozmówcę zamiast argumentu

Argumentum ad hominem — wytkanie rzekomej niespójności

Argumentum ad populum i ad baculum — presja tłumu i zastraszanie

Argumentum ad misericordiam i ad verecundiam — litość i autorytet

Argumentum ad ignorantiam — wykorzystywanie braku wiedzy

Chochoł, czyli przekręcanie stanowiska przeciwnika (straw man)

Rozszerzenie i zawężenie zakresu tezy w dyskusji

Mutatio controversiae, czyli niezauważalna zmiana tematu

Teoria podwójnej prawdy i subtelne rozróżnienia pozorne

Klasyczne fortele erystyczne i błędy argumentacyjne

Zasypywanie pytaniami i rozpraszanie uwagi rozmówcy

Prowokowanie do gniewu jako celowy chwyt erystyczny

Etyczna ocena forteli erystycznych — granice uczciwości sporu

Zadawanie pytań precyzujących i prośba o rozwinięcie stanowiska

Nazwanie chwytu — metakomunikacja w obronie przed erystyką

Kultura polemiki i zasada życzliwości interpretacyjnej

Analiza erystyczna debaty telewizyjnej — studium przypadku

Etyczny kodeks debatanta i zasady dyskusji oksfordzkiej

Obrona przed manipulacją, etyka sporu i kultura debaty

Estrategias de clave de contexto para términos desconocidos

Denotación, connotación y carga ideológica del léxico

Sinonimia conceptual: matices semánticos y precisión

Antonimia gradual, complementaria y recíproca

Polisemia, homonimia y ambigüedad léxica

Campos semánticos y redes conceptuales en el texto

Relaciones semánticas y precisión léxica en textos académicos

Why Argument Evaluation Doesn't Apply to Literature

Delineating an Argument in Informational Text

Evaluating Whether Reasoning Is Valid

Assessing Whether Evidence Is Relevant and Sufficient

Identifying False Statements in Arguments

Identifying Fallacious Reasoning in Arguments

Evaluating Arguments in Informational Text

Pojęcie i istota demagogii — rys historyczny od starożytności

Fałszywe dychotomie i czarno-białe widzenie rzeczywistości

Apel do lęku i zagrożenia — zarządzanie strachem w dyskursie

Proste rozwiązania złożonych problemów — mechanizm uproszczenia

Mechanizm kozła ofiarnego i stygmatyzacja grup

Emocjonalizacja przekazu zamiast faktów i danych

Język populizmu — lud kontra elity i konstrukcja wroga

Cherry picking — wybiórcze dobieranie faktów i cytatów

Efekt potwierdzenia — jak demagodzy wyzyskują błędy poznawcze

Mechanizmy demagogii i retoryka populistyczna

Polaryzacja społeczna jako strategia retoryczna

Pozorne autorytety i pseudonaukowe uzasadnienia

Równia pochyła (slippery slope) w wywodzie demagoga

Whataboutism i odwracanie uwagi od sedna problemu

Język postprawdy i fake news jako narzędzie demagogii

Demaskowanie demagogii w artykule prasowym — ćwiczenia

Fact-checking jako odpowiedź na demagogię

Analiza wypowiedzi wiecowych i kampanii wyborczych

Pisanie polemiki z tekstem demagogicznym

Błędy logiczne, dezinformacja i demaskowanie manipulacji

How Authors Draw On and Transform Source Material

How Shakespeare Transforms Themes From Classical Sources

How Modern Authors Draw On Shakespeare

Analyzing Seminal U.S. Documents: Themes and Concepts

How Foundational Documents Address Related Themes

Applying Argument Evaluation to a Complete Text

Drawing On and Transforming Source Material in Literature and Foundational Documents

OGE.11.RI.5

Aligned learning resources

Related diagrams