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Override for the tutor's lesson content generation calls. Auto uses the system default (Claude Sonnet 5 for lesson text, Opus 5 for diagrams).

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System default

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Tutoring abilities

If you walked up to your friend and just shouted "Ran quickly!", they would look around and ask, "Who ran?"

To share a complete thought, your words need two key building blocks.

A **subject** is the person, animal, or thing that the sentence is about.

A **verb** is the action word that tells what the subject is doing or being.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
    }
    body {
      font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      background: #f8f9fa;
      color: #1e2945;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      min-height: 100%;
      padding: 12px;
      user-select: none;
    }

    .diagram-area {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 440px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 16px;
    }

    /* Example selector tabs */
    .tabs {
      display: flex;
      gap: 8px;
      background: #e2e8f0;
      padding: 4px;
      border-radius: 24px;
    }
    .tab-btn {
      border: none;
      background: transparent;
      padding: 6px 14px;
      border-radius: 20px;
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #64748b;
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: background 0.2s ease, color 0.2s ease;
    }
    .tab-btn.active {
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #0f172a;
      box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
    }

    /* Puzzle stage */
    .stage {
      width: 100%;
      height: 150px;
      position: relative;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      overflow: hidden;
    }

    .puzzle-wrap {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      transition: gap 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.34, 1.56, 0.64, 1);
      gap: 36px;
    }
    .puzzle-wrap.snapped {
      gap: 0;
    }

    /* Puzzle Pieces */
    .piece {
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      width: 145px;
      height: 96px;
      border-radius: 14px;
      position: relative;
      transition: transform 0.4s ease, box-shadow 0.4s ease, border-radius 0.4s ease;
      box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06);
    }

    .piece-subject {
      background: #e0f2fe;
      border: 2px solid #38bdf8;
      color: #0369a1;
      z-index: 2;
    }
    .puzzle-wrap.snapped .piece-subject {
      border-top-right-radius: 0;
      border-bottom-right-radius: 0;
      border-right-color: transparent;
    }

    .piece-verb {
      background: #fef3c7;
      border: 2px solid #f59e0b;
      color: #b45309;
      z-index: 1;
    }
    .puzzle-wrap.snapped .piece-verb {
      border-top-left-radius: 0;
      border-bottom-left-radius: 0;
      border-left-color: transparent;
    }

    .piece-tag {
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 700;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      opacity: 0.8;
      margin-bottom: 2px;
    }
    .piece-word {
      font-size: 20px;
      font-weight: 700;
    }

    /* Result pill */
    .result-badge {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
      padding: 6px 14px;
      border-radius: 20px;
      background: #f1f5f9;
      color: #94a3b8;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 700;
      transition: all 0.3s ease;
    }
    .result-badge.complete {
      background: #dcfce7;
      color: #15803d;
      box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.2);
    }

    /* Action button */
    .snap-btn {
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
      background: #0284c7;
      color: #ffffff;
      border: none;
      padding: 10px 22px;
      border-radius: 24px;
      font-size: 15px;
      font-weight: 600;
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: opacity 0.2s ease, background 0.2s ease;
    }
    .snap-btn:active {
      opacity: 0.85;
    }
    .snap-btn.snapped-btn {
      background: #475569;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="diagram-area">
    
    <div class="tabs">
      <button class="tab-btn active" data-index="0">🐕 Dog</button>
      <button class="tab-btn" data-index="1">🐦 Birds</button>
      <button class="tab-btn" data-index="2">👧 Mia</button>
    </div>

    
    <div class="stage">
      <div class="puzzle-wrap" id="puzzle">
        
        <div class="piece piece-subject">
          <span class="piece-tag">Subject</span>
          <span class="piece-word" id="subjectWord">The dog</span>
        </div>

        
        <div class="piece piece-verb">
          <span class="piece-tag">Verb</span>
          <span class="piece-word" id="verbWord">barks.</span>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="result-badge" id="statusBadge">
      <span>Two parts</span>
    </div>

    
    <button class="snap-btn" id="actionBtn">
      <span>🧩 Snap Together</span>
    </button>
  </div>

  <script>
    const data = [
      { subject: "The dog", verb: "barks." },
      { subject: "Birds", verb: "fly." },
      { subject: "Mia", verb: "reads." }
    ];

    let currentIdx = 0;
    let isSnapped = false;

    const puzzle = document.getElementById("puzzle");
    const subjectWord = document.getElementById("subjectWord");
    const verbWord = document.getElementById("verbWord");
    const statusBadge = document.getElementById("statusBadge");
    const actionBtn = document.getElementById("actionBtn");
    const tabs = document.querySelectorAll(".tab-btn");

    function render() {
      subjectWord.textContent = data[currentIdx].subject;
      verbWord.textContent = data[currentIdx].verb;

      if (isSnapped) {
        puzzle.classList.add("snapped");
        statusBadge.classList.add("complete");
        statusBadge.innerHTML = "<span>Simple Sentence ✓</span>";
        actionBtn.classList.add("snapped-btn");
        actionBtn.innerHTML = "<span>✂️ Separate</span>";
      } else {
        puzzle.classList.remove("snapped");
        statusBadge.classList.remove("complete");
        statusBadge.innerHTML = "<span>Two parts</span>";
        actionBtn.classList.remove("snapped-btn");
        actionBtn.innerHTML = "<span>🧩 Snap Together</span>";
      }
    }

    function setExample(idx) {
      currentIdx = idx;
      tabs.forEach((t, i) => t.classList.toggle("active", i === idx));
      render();
    }

    tabs.forEach((tab, idx) => {
      tab.addEventListener("click", () => {
        setExample(idx);
      });
    });

    actionBtn.addEventListener("click", () => {
      isSnapped = !isSnapped;
      render();
    });

    // Initial render
    render();
  </script>
</body>
</html>

What happens when these two pieces snap together to tell the whole story?

When a subject and verb express a complete idea that can stand proudly on its own, it is called an **independent clause**.

A **simple sentence** is made of exactly one independent clause, starting with a capital letter and ending with punctuation.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
<style>
  * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
  body {
    font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
    background: transparent;
    color: #1e2945;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    min-height: 100%;
    padding: 16px;
  }

  .diagram {
    width: 100%;
    max-width: 480px;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: 16px;
    align-items: center;
  }

  /* Formula Bar */
  .formula {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    gap: 8px;
    width: 100%;
  }

  .block {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    border-radius: 12px;
    padding: 10px 14px;
    flex: 1;
    text-align: center;
    transition: transform 0.3s ease, box-shadow 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease;
    border: 2px solid transparent;
  }

  .block.subject {
    background: #e0f2fe;
    color: #0369a1;
    border-color: #7dd3fc;
  }

  .block.predicate {
    background: #ffedd5;
    color: #c2410c;
    border-color: #fdba74;
  }

  .plus {
    font-size: 20px;
    font-weight: 700;
    color: #94a3b8;
  }

  .role {
    font-size: 11px;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: 0.5px;
    font-weight: 700;
    margin-bottom: 2px;
  }

  .word {
    font-size: 18px;
    font-weight: 700;
  }

  /* Sentence Display Area */
  .sentence-frame {
    background: #ffffff;
    border: 2px solid #e2e8f0;
    border-radius: 16px;
    padding: 20px 16px;
    width: 100%;
    text-align: center;
    box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.04);
    position: relative;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 12px;
  }

  .sentence-text {
    font-size: 26px;
    font-weight: 700;
    display: flex;
    align-items: baseline;
    justify-content: center;
    gap: 6px;
  }

  .part-sub {
    color: #0284c7;
    background: #f0f9ff;
    padding: 2px 8px;
    border-radius: 8px;
    border-bottom: 3px solid #0284c7;
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
  }

  .part-pred {
    color: #ea580c;
    background: #fff7ed;
    padding: 2px 8px;
    border-radius: 8px;
    border-bottom: 3px solid #ea580c;
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
  }

  .part-punct {
    color: #10b981;
    font-weight: 800;
    border-bottom: 3px solid #10b981;
    padding: 2px 4px;
    border-radius: 6px;
    background: #ecfdf5;
  }

  .badge-valid {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 6px;
    font-size: 13px;
    font-weight: 700;
    color: #059669;
    background: #d1fae5;
    padding: 4px 12px;
    border-radius: 20px;
  }

  /* Controls */
  .switcher {
    display: flex;
    gap: 8px;
    width: 100%;
    justify-content: center;
  }

  .btn-pill {
    background: #f1f5f9;
    border: none;
    border-radius: 20px;
    padding: 8px 16px;
    font-size: 13px;
    font-weight: 600;
    color: #475569;
    cursor: pointer;
    transition: background 0.2s, color 0.2s, box-shadow 0.2s;
  }

  .btn-pill:hover {
    background: #e2e8f0;
  }

  .btn-pill.active {
    background: #0284c7;
    color: #ffffff;
    box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(2, 132, 199, 0.3);
  }
</style>
</head>
<body>

<div class="diagram">
  
  <div class="formula">
    <div class="block subject" id="boxSubject">
      <span class="role">Subject</span>
      <span class="word" id="subWord">The dog</span>
    </div>
    <span class="plus">+</span>
    <div class="block predicate" id="boxPredicate">
      <span class="role">Predicate</span>
      <span class="word" id="predWord">runs</span>
    </div>
  </div>

  
  <div class="sentence-frame">
    <div class="sentence-text">
      <span class="part-sub" id="sentSub">The dog</span>
      <span class="part-pred" id="sentPred">runs</span><span class="part-punct" id="sentPunct">.</span>
    </div>
    <div class="badge-valid">
      <span>✓</span> 1 Complete Thought
    </div>
  </div>

  
  <div class="switcher">
    <button class="btn-pill active" onclick="setExample(0)">Example 1</button>
    <button class="btn-pill" onclick="setExample(1)">Example 2</button>
    <button class="btn-pill" onclick="setExample(2)">Example 3</button>
  </div>
</div>

<script>
  const examples = [
    { sub: "The dog", pred: "runs", punct: "." },
    { sub: "Maya", pred: "reads", punct: "." },
    { sub: "Stars", pred: "shine", punct: "." }
  ];

  function setExample(idx) {
    const data = examples[idx];
    
    // Update texts
    document.getElementById('subWord').textContent = data.sub;
    document.getElementById('predWord').textContent = data.pred;
    document.getElementById('sentSub').textContent = data.sub;
    document.getElementById('sentPred').textContent = data.pred;
    document.getElementById('sentPunct').textContent = data.punct;

    // Update active button
    const buttons = document.querySelectorAll('.btn-pill');
    buttons.forEach((btn, i) => {
      if (i === idx) {
        btn.classList.add('active');
      } else {
        btn.classList.remove('active');
      }
    });
  }
</script>

</body>
</html>

How can you tell if a sentence is broken and missing one of its parts?

If a group of words leaves out the subject or the verb, it cannot stand alone as a simple sentence.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <title>What Is a Simple Sentence?</title>
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
    }

    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      background: #f8f9fa;
      color: #1e2945;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      min-height: 100%;
      padding: 16px;
    }

    .nav-tabs {
      display: flex;
      gap: 8px;
      margin-bottom: 24px;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
      justify-content: center;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 440px;
    }

    .tab-btn {
      flex: 1 1 auto;
      min-width: 100px;
      padding: 8px 14px;
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: 600;
      border: 1px solid #d1d5db;
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #6b7280;
      border-radius: 8px;
      cursor: pointer;
      box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);
      transition: all 0.2s ease;
    }

    .tab-btn.active {
      background: #22b7ff;
      color: #ffffff;
      border-color: #22b7ff;
      box-shadow: 0 2px 6px rgba(34, 183, 255, 0.3);
    }

    .stage {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 10px;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 460px;
      padding: 20px 12px;
      background: #ffffff;
      border-radius: 16px;
      box-shadow: 0 4px 16px rgba(0,0,0,0.06);
      margin-bottom: 20px;
    }

    .part-box {
      flex: 1;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      padding: 14px 8px;
      border-radius: 12px;
      border: 2px solid #e5e7eb;
      background: #fdfdfd;
      min-height: 90px;
      transition: all 0.3s ease;
    }

    .part-role {
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 700;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
      margin-bottom: 4px;
    }

    .part-word {
      font-size: 17px;
      font-weight: 700;
    }

    .part-box.subject.filled {
      border-color: #3b82f6;
      background: #eff6ff;
      color: #1d4ed8;
    }

    .part-box.verb.filled {
      border-color: #f59e0b;
      background: #fffbeb;
      color: #b45309;
    }

    .part-box.missing {
      border: 2px dashed #ef4444;
      background: #fef2f2;
      color: #dc2626;
    }

    .symbol {
      font-size: 20px;
      font-weight: 800;
      color: #9ca3af;
      user-select: none;
    }

    .status-badge {
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 8px;
      font-size: 15px;
      font-weight: 700;
      padding: 8px 18px;
      border-radius: 999px;
      transition: all 0.3s ease;
    }

    .status-badge.success {
      background: #dcfce7;
      color: #15803d;
      box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.2);
    }

    .status-badge.error {
      background: #fee2e2;
      color: #b91c1c;
      box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(239, 68, 68, 0.2);
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="nav-tabs">
    <button class="tab-btn active" id="btn-0">Complete</button>
    <button class="tab-btn" id="btn-1">No Subject</button>
    <button class="tab-btn" id="btn-2">No Verb</button>
  </div>

  <div class="stage">
    <div class="part-box subject filled" id="subjectBox">
      <span class="part-role">Subject</span>
      <span class="part-word" id="subjectWord">The dog</span>
    </div>

    <span class="symbol">+</span>

    <div class="part-box verb filled" id="verbBox">
      <span class="part-role">Verb</span>
      <span class="part-word" id="verbWord">barked</span>
    </div>
  </div>

  <div class="status-badge success" id="statusBadge">
    <span id="statusIcon">✓</span>
    <span id="statusText">Complete Sentence</span>
  </div>

  <script>
    const modes = [
      {
        subFilled: true,
        subWord: 'The dog',
        verbFilled: true,
        verbWord: 'barked',
        success: true,
        icon: '✓',
        text: 'Complete Sentence'
      },
      {
        subFilled: false,
        subWord: '— ? —',
        verbFilled: true,
        verbWord: 'barked',
        success: false,
        icon: '✗',
        text: 'Missing Subject'
      },
      {
        subFilled: true,
        subWord: 'The dog',
        verbFilled: false,
        verbWord: '— ? —',
        success: false,
        icon: '✗',
        text: 'Missing Verb'
      }
    ];

    const subBox = document.getElementById('subjectBox');
    const subWord = document.getElementById('subjectWord');
    const verbBox = document.getElementById('verbBox');
    const verbWord = document.getElementById('verbWord');
    const badge = document.getElementById('statusBadge');
    const icon = document.getElementById('statusIcon');
    const text = document.getElementById('statusText');
    const buttons = [
      document.getElementById('btn-0'),
      document.getElementById('btn-1'),
      document.getElementById('btn-2')
    ];

    function setMode(index) {
      buttons.forEach((btn, i) => {
        btn.classList.toggle('active', i === index);
      });

      const m = modes[index];

      // Update Subject Box
      subBox.className = 'part-box subject ' + (m.subFilled ? 'filled' : 'missing');
      subWord.textContent = m.subWord;

      // Update Verb Box
      verbBox.className = 'part-box verb ' + (m.verbFilled ? 'filled' : 'missing');
      verbWord.textContent = m.verbWord;

      // Update Result Badge
      badge.className = 'status-badge ' + (m.success ? 'success' : 'error');
      icon.textContent = m.icon;
      text.textContent = m.text;
    }

    buttons.forEach((btn, index) => {
      btn.addEventListener('click', () => setMode(index));
    });
  </script>
</body>
</html>

A common mistake is thinking a sentence must be short to be simple. Even with extra describing words, it is still a simple sentence as long as it has only one subject-verb complete thought.

Whenever you read, look for the actor and the action to easily find the simple sentence.

What Is a Simple Sentence?. Identify a simple sentence as having one independent clause with a subject and verb.

What is a simple sentence? (KS1 English)

Simple Sentences: Subjects and Verbs in Complete Thoughts

Year 2 English: Complete Sentences, Subjects, and Verbs (AC9E2LA06 Foundation)

When teaching simple sentences to Year 2 learners within the Australian Curriculum (AC9E2LA06 progression), establish the simple sentence as a single 'standalone building block' (an independent clause) containing both a subject ('who/what') and a verb ('action/state of being'). Use multi-sensory strategies such as colour-coding subjects (blue) and verbs (orange), and physical gestures (e.g., tapping the subject with the left hand and the verb with the right hand). Explicitly highlighting that an independent clause can survive independently prepares students directly for later combining two clauses with coordinating conjunctions ('and', 'but', 'so') to form compound sentences.

What Is a Simple Sentence?

The Two Key Pieces

Meeting the Independent Clause

Missing Pieces