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Override for the tutor's lesson content generation calls. Auto uses the system default (Claude Sonnet 5 for lesson text, Opus 5 for diagrams).

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Tutoring abilities

"Leo lost Leo's soccer ball, so Leo asked Leo's friends if Leo's friends saw Leo's soccer ball."

Reading that sentence feels like listening to a broken robot because the same names repeat again and again.

A **noun** is a naming word for a person, place, or thing, like *Leo* or *ball*.

A **personal pronoun** is a handy swap-word—like **he**, **it**, or **they**—that takes the place of a noun so our writing sounds smooth and natural.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, sans-serif;
      user-select: none;
      -webkit-user-select: none;
    }

    body {
      background: #f8f9fa;
      color: #1e2945;
      padding: 16px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      min-height: 100%;
    }

    .wrapper {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 480px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 16px;
      align-items: center;
    }

    .tabs {
      display: flex;
      gap: 8px;
      width: 100%;
      justify-content: center;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
    }

    .tab-btn {
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1.5px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 20px;
      padding: 6px 14px;
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #64748b;
      cursor: pointer;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
      transition: background 0.2s, color 0.2s, border-color 0.2s, box-shadow 0.2s;
    }

    .tab-btn.active {
      background: #06b6d4;
      color: #ffffff;
      border-color: #06b6d4;
      box-shadow: 0 4px 10px rgba(6, 182, 212, 0.25);
    }

    .display-card {
      background: #ffffff;
      width: 100%;
      border-radius: 16px;
      padding: 24px 20px;
      box-shadow: 0 4px 16px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 16px;
      align-items: center;
    }

    .sentence-row {
      font-size: 20px;
      font-weight: 500;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 8px;
      width: 100%;
      text-align: center;
    }

    .lead-sentence {
      color: #64748b;
      font-size: 17px;
    }

    .swap-slot {
      position: relative;
      width: 80px;
      height: 38px;
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
    }

    .word-pill {
      position: absolute;
      inset: 0;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      border-radius: 10px;
      font-size: 17px;
      font-weight: 700;
      transition: opacity 0.35s ease, transform 0.35s cubic-bezier(0.34, 1.56, 0.64, 1);
    }

    .pill-noun {
      background: #f1f5f9;
      color: #475569;
      border: 1.5px dashed #cbd5e1;
      opacity: 1;
      transform: translateY(0);
    }

    .pill-pronoun {
      background: #06b6d4;
      color: #ffffff;
      box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(6, 182, 212, 0.3);
      opacity: 0;
      transform: translateY(12px);
      pointer-events: none;
    }

    .is-swapped .pill-noun {
      opacity: 0;
      transform: translateY(-12px);
      pointer-events: none;
    }

    .is-swapped .pill-pronoun {
      opacity: 1;
      transform: translateY(0);
      pointer-events: auto;
    }

    .swap-btn {
      background: #f97316;
      color: #ffffff;
      border: none;
      border-radius: 12px;
      padding: 10px 20px;
      font-size: 15px;
      font-weight: 700;
      cursor: pointer;
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 8px;
      box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(249, 115, 22, 0.25);
      transition: opacity 0.2s, box-shadow 0.2s;
    }

    .swap-btn:active {
      opacity: 0.9;
    }

    .indicator-label {
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #94a3b8;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <div class="wrapper">
    <div class="tabs" id="tabs">
      <button class="tab-btn active" data-idx="0">👦 Leo</button>
      <button class="tab-btn" data-idx="1">👧 Mia</button>
      <button class="tab-btn" data-idx="2">🐱 Cat</button>
      <button class="tab-btn" data-idx="3">👥 Kids</button>
    </div>

    <div class="display-card">
      <div class="lead-sentence" id="sentence1">👦 Leo paints.</div>

      <div class="sentence-row" id="sentenceRow">
        <div class="swap-slot">
          <div class="word-pill pill-noun" id="nounPill">Leo</div>
          <div class="word-pill pill-pronoun" id="pronounPill">He</div>
        </div>
        <span id="sentence2Rest">loves art.</span>
      </div>

      <span class="indicator-label" id="statusLabel">Noun</span>

      <button class="swap-btn" id="swapBtn">⇄ Swap</button>
    </div>
  </div>

  <script>
    const data = [
      { tab: '👦 Leo', s1: '👦 Leo paints.', noun: 'Leo', pronoun: 'He', rest: 'loves art.' },
      { tab: '👧 Mia', s1: '👧 Mia sings.', noun: 'Mia', pronoun: 'She', rest: 'plays piano.' },
      { tab: '🐱 Cat', s1: '🐱 Cat naps.', noun: 'Cat', pronoun: 'It', rest: 'is cozy.' },
      { tab: '👥 Kids', s1: '👥 Kids play.', noun: 'Kids', pronoun: 'They', rest: 'have fun.' }
    ];

    let currentIdx = 0;
    let isSwapped = false;

    const tabs = document.querySelectorAll('.tab-btn');
    const s1El = document.getElementById('sentence1');
    const nounEl = document.getElementById('nounPill');
    const pronounEl = document.getElementById('pronounPill');
    const restEl = document.getElementById('sentence2Rest');
    const rowEl = document.getElementById('sentenceRow');
    const statusLabel = document.getElementById('statusLabel');
    const swapBtn = document.getElementById('swapBtn');

    function updateCard() {
      const item = data[currentIdx];
      s1El.textContent = item.s1;
      nounEl.textContent = item.noun;
      pronounEl.textContent = item.pronoun;
      restEl.textContent = item.rest;

      if (isSwapped) {
        rowEl.classList.add('is-swapped');
        statusLabel.textContent = 'Pronoun ✦';
        statusLabel.style.color = '#06b6d4';
      } else {
        rowEl.classList.remove('is-swapped');
        statusLabel.textContent = 'Noun';
        statusLabel.style.color = '#94a3b8';
      }
    }

    tabs.forEach((tab, idx) => {
      tab.addEventListener('click', () => {
        tabs.forEach(t => t.classList.remove('active'));
        tab.classList.add('active');
        currentIdx = idx;
        isSwapped = false;
        updateCard();
      });
    });

    swapBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
      isSwapped = !isSwapped;
      updateCard();
    });

    updateCard();
  </script>
</body>
</html>

How do you know which pronoun to pick when you want to swap out a word?

We pick a pronoun that matches who or what we are talking about.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, sans-serif; }
    
    .diagram {
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      width: 100%;
      min-height: 360px;
      padding: 12px;
      gap: 16px;
      background: #f8f9fa;
    }

    /* Subject Switcher */
    .tabs {
      display: flex;
      gap: 8px;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
      justify-content: center;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 440px;
    }

    .tab-btn {
      flex: 1;
      min-width: 80px;
      padding: 8px 10px;
      border-radius: 10px;
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #475569;
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: 600;
      cursor: pointer;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 4px;
      transition: background 0.2s, color 0.2s, box-shadow 0.2s;
    }

    .tab-btn.active {
      background: #3b82f6;
      color: #ffffff;
      border-color: #3b82f6;
      box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.25);
    }

    /* Sentence Showcase Card */
    .stage-card {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 440px;
      background: #ffffff;
      border-radius: 14px;
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
      padding: 18px 16px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 14px;
      box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);
    }

    .sentence-row {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 8px;
      font-size: 17px;
      color: #1e293b;
      font-weight: 500;
    }

    .badge {
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      padding: 4px 10px;
      border-radius: 8px;
      font-weight: 700;
      font-size: 15px;
      transition: all 0.3s ease;
    }

    .badge-name {
      background: #f1f5f9;
      color: #475569;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
    }

    .badge-pronoun {
      background: #dcfce7;
      color: #15803d;
      border: 1px solid #86efac;
    }

    .badge-repeat {
      background: #fee2e2;
      color: #b91c1c;
      border: 1px solid #fca5a5;
      text-decoration: line-through;
    }

    .connector {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      color: #94a3b8;
      font-size: 13px;
      gap: 6px;
      padding: 0 4px;
    }

    .connector-line {
      flex: 1;
      height: 1px;
      background: #e2e8f0;
    }

    /* Interactive Toggle Button */
    .toggle-bar {
      display: flex;
      justify-content: center;
      width: 100%;
    }

    .swap-btn {
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
      padding: 9px 18px;
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: 600;
      border-radius: 999px;
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #1e293b;
      cursor: pointer;
      box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.06);
      transition: background 0.2s, box-shadow 0.2s;
    }

    .swap-btn:active {
      background: #f1f5f9;
    }

    .status-dot {
      width: 8px;
      height: 8px;
      border-radius: 50%;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <div class="diagram">
    
    <div class="tabs">
      <button class="tab-btn active" onclick="selectSubject(0)">👦 Leo</button>
      <button class="tab-btn" onclick="selectSubject(1)">👧 Maya</button>
      <button class="tab-btn" onclick="selectSubject(2)">🐱 Cat</button>
      <button class="tab-btn" onclick="selectSubject(3)">👥 Team</button>
    </div>

    
    <div class="stage-card">
      
      <div class="sentence-row">
        <span class="badge badge-name" id="s1-name">Leo</span>
        <span id="s1-action">kicked the ball.</span>
      </div>

      <div class="connector">
        <div class="connector-line"></div>
        <span id="match-hint">✦ Matches →</span>
        <div class="connector-line"></div>
      </div>

      
      <div class="sentence-row">
        <span class="badge" id="s2-badge">He</span>
        <span id="s2-action">scored a goal!</span>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="toggle-bar">
      <button class="swap-btn" onclick="toggleMode()">
        <span class="status-dot" id="mode-dot" style="background:#10b981;"></span>
        <span id="mode-label">Pronoun: Clean</span>
      </button>
    </div>
  </div>

  <script>
    const data = [
      { name: "Leo", pronoun: "He", s1: "kicked the ball.", s2: "scored a goal!" },
      { name: "Maya", pronoun: "She", s1: "read the book.", s2: "loved the story." },
      { name: "The cat", pronoun: "It", s1: "saw a bird.", s2: "jumped up high." },
      { name: "The team", pronoun: "They", s1: "played hard.", s2: "won the trophy!" }
    ];

    let currentIdx = 0;
    let usePronoun = true;

    function render() {
      const item = data[currentIdx];
      
      // Update tabs
      document.querySelectorAll('.tab-btn').forEach((btn, idx) => {
        btn.classList.toggle('active', idx === currentIdx);
      });

      // Update sentence 1
      document.getElementById('s1-name').textContent = item.name;
      document.getElementById('s1-action').textContent = item.s1;

      // Update sentence 2
      const badge = document.getElementById('s2-badge');
      const dot = document.getElementById('mode-dot');
      const modeLabel = document.getElementById('mode-label');

      if (usePronoun) {
        badge.textContent = item.pronoun;
        badge.className = 'badge badge-pronoun';
        dot.style.background = '#10b981';
        modeLabel.textContent = 'Pronoun: Clean';
      } else {
        badge.textContent = item.name;
        badge.className = 'badge badge-repeat';
        dot.style.background = '#ef4444';
        modeLabel.textContent = 'Repeated: Clunky';
      }

      document.getElementById('s2-action').textContent = item.s2;
    }

    function selectSubject(idx) {
      currentIdx = idx;
      render();
    }

    function toggleMode() {
      usePronoun = !usePronoun;
      render();
    }

    render();
  </script>
</body>
</html>

What happens if we swap out every single name right from the start?

If you write "*She* played with *it*," your reader will have no idea who "she" is or what toy "it" means!

Always state the real **noun** first so your reader knows the character, and then use pronouns in the sentences that follow.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
<style>
  * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
  body {
    font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, sans-serif;
    color: #1e2945;
    background: #f8f9fa;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    min-height: 100%;
    padding: 16px;
    gap: 16px;
  }

  .nav-group {
    display: flex;
    gap: 8px;
    background: #e2e8f0;
    padding: 4px;
    border-radius: 999px;
  }

  .nav-btn {
    border: none;
    background: transparent;
    padding: 6px 16px;
    border-radius: 999px;
    font-size: 14px;
    font-weight: 600;
    color: #64748b;
    cursor: pointer;
    transition: background 0.2s ease, color 0.2s ease;
  }

  .nav-btn.active {
    background: #ffffff;
    color: #1e2945;
    box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
  }

  .flow-container {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: 12px;
    width: 100%;
    max-width: 420px;
  }

  .row-item {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 12px;
    background: #ffffff;
    padding: 12px 16px;
    border-radius: 12px;
    border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
    box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);
  }

  .num {
    font-size: 14px;
    font-weight: 700;
    color: #94a3b8;
    width: 18px;
  }

  .tag {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 6px;
    padding: 6px 12px;
    border-radius: 8px;
    font-size: 15px;
    font-weight: 700;
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
    min-width: 100px;
    justify-content: center;
  }

  .tag-noun {
    background: #e0f2fe;
    color: #0284c7;
    border: 1px solid #bae6fd;
  }

  .tag-repeat {
    background: #fee2e2;
    color: #dc2626;
    border: 1px solid #fecaca;
  }

  .tag-pronoun {
    background: #dcfce7;
    color: #16a34a;
    border: 1px solid #bbf7d0;
  }

  .action {
    font-size: 16px;
    font-weight: 500;
    color: #475569;
  }

  .dots-row {
    display: flex;
    gap: 6px;
    align-items: center;
  }

  .dot-btn {
    width: 8px;
    height: 8px;
    border-radius: 50%;
    background: #cbd5e1;
    border: none;
    cursor: pointer;
    padding: 0;
    transition: background 0.2s ease, width 0.2s ease;
  }

  .dot-btn.active {
    background: #0284c7;
    width: 20px;
    border-radius: 4px;
  }
</style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="nav-group">
    <button class="nav-btn active" id="btn-repeat" onclick="setMode(0)">Repetitive</button>
    <button class="nav-btn" id="btn-clean" onclick="setMode(1)">Pronouns ✓</button>
  </div>

  <div class="flow-container">
    
    <div class="row-item">
      <span class="num">1</span>
      <span class="tag tag-noun">🦁 Leo</span>
      <span class="action">ran fast.</span>
    </div>

    
    <div class="row-item">
      <span class="num">2</span>
      <span class="tag tag-repeat" id="slot-2">🦁 Leo</span>
      <span class="action">jumped high.</span>
    </div>

    
    <div class="row-item">
      <span class="num">3</span>
      <span class="tag tag-repeat" id="slot-3">🦁 Leo</span>
      <span class="action">won gold.</span>
    </div>
  </div>

  <div class="dots-row">
    <button class="dot-btn active" id="dot-0" onclick="setMode(0)" aria-label="Step 1"></button>
    <button class="dot-btn" id="dot-1" onclick="setMode(1)" aria-label="Step 2"></button>
  </div>

  <script>
    let mode = 0;

    function setMode(newMode) {
      mode = newMode;
      const btnRepeat = document.getElementById('btn-repeat');
      const btnClean = document.getElementById('btn-clean');
      const dot0 = document.getElementById('dot-0');
      const dot1 = document.getElementById('dot-1');
      const slot2 = document.getElementById('slot-2');
      const slot3 = document.getElementById('slot-3');

      if (mode === 0) {
        btnRepeat.classList.add('active');
        btnClean.classList.remove('active');
        dot0.classList.add('active');
        dot1.classList.remove('active');

        slot2.className = 'tag tag-repeat';
        slot2.textContent = '🦁 Leo';

        slot3.className = 'tag tag-repeat';
        slot3.textContent = '🦁 Leo';
      } else {
        btnClean.classList.add('active');
        btnRepeat.classList.remove('active');
        dot1.classList.add('active');
        dot0.classList.remove('active');

        slot2.className = 'tag tag-pronoun';
        slot2.textContent = '⚡ He';

        slot3.className = 'tag tag-pronoun';
        slot3.textContent = '⚡ He';
      }
    }
  </script>
</body>
</html>

When you read your own stories out loud, listen for any noun you say too many times—that is your signal to swap in a pronoun!

Using Personal Pronouns to Avoid Repetition. Use personal pronouns to refer to people and things and avoid repeating nouns.

Year 2 English: Replace Nouns with Personal Pronouns & Identify Personal Pronouns (Aligned to AC9E2LA04)

What is a Pronoun? - KS1 English Grammar Guide & Video

Alternating Between Nouns and Pronouns: Level 2 English Cohesion Lesson Pack

At Year 2, teach pronouns through explicit oral rehearsal before written editing. Use 'robot talk' (repeating a character's name mechanically 5-6 times in a story) to let students physically hear how repetitive text sounds unnatural. Introduce the concept of the pronoun as a 'helper word' or 'stunt double' that steps in only after the star (the noun) has been introduced. Emphasize balance: guide students to understand that texts alternate between nouns and pronouns to maintain both clarity and cohesion.

Using Personal Pronouns to Avoid Repetition

The Word Swappers

Choosing the Right Match

Keep the First Clue