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Override for the tutor's lesson content generation calls. Auto uses the system default (Claude Sonnet 5 for lesson text, Opus 5 for diagrams).

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System default

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Tutoring abilities

Imagine playing catch with a friend, but you both throw your balls at the exact same second! The balls crash in the air and fall to the ground.

Talking with someone is just like playing catch. We call this **turn-taking**, where one person speaks while the other person listens.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
<title>Taking Turns in a Conversation</title>
<style>
  * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
  body {
    font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, sans-serif;
    background: transparent;
    color: #1e2945;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    padding: 12px;
    min-height: 100%;
    user-select: none;
  }
  .stage {
    width: 100%;
    max-width: 480px;
    background: #f0f9ff;
    border-radius: 16px;
    padding: 20px 16px;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: 16px;
  }
  .controls {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: center;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 8px;
  }
  .btn-step {
    background: #ffffff;
    border: 1.5px solid #e0f2fe;
    color: #64748b;
    padding: 6px 14px;
    border-radius: 20px;
    font-size: 14px;
    font-weight: 600;
    cursor: pointer;
    transition: all 0.25s ease;
    box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);
  }
  .btn-step.active {
    background: #0284c7;
    color: #ffffff;
    border-color: #0284c7;
    box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(2, 132, 199, 0.3);
  }
  .play-btn {
    background: #ffffff;
    border: 1.5px solid #e0f2fe;
    color: #0284c7;
    width: 34px;
    height: 34px;
    border-radius: 50%;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    font-size: 13px;
    cursor: pointer;
    box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);
    transition: background 0.2s ease;
  }
  .scene {
    position: relative;
    width: 100%;
    height: 180px;
    display: flex;
    justify-content: space-between;
    align-items: center;
    padding: 0 12px;
  }
  .person {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: center;
    width: 120px;
    z-index: 2;
    transition: transform 0.3s ease;
  }
  .avatar {
    width: 72px;
    height: 72px;
    background: #ffffff;
    border-radius: 50%;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    font-size: 38px;
    box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(2, 132, 199, 0.08);
    border: 3px solid #e2e8f0;
    transition: border-color 0.3s ease, box-shadow 0.3s ease;
  }
  .person.speaking .avatar {
    border-color: #0284c7;
    box-shadow: 0 0 0 4px rgba(2, 132, 199, 0.2);
  }
  .name {
    font-size: 15px;
    font-weight: 700;
    margin-top: 6px;
    color: #1e2945;
  }
  .role-badge {
    font-size: 13px;
    font-weight: 600;
    margin-top: 4px;
    padding: 3px 10px;
    border-radius: 12px;
    background: #ffffff;
    color: #64748b;
    border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 4px;
  }
  .person.speaking .role-badge {
    background: #e0f2fe;
    color: #0369a1;
    border-color: #7dd3fc;
  }
  .track {
    position: absolute;
    top: 50px;
    left: 70px;
    right: 70px;
    height: 2px;
    border-top: 2px dashed #93c5fd;
    z-index: 1;
  }
  .talk-token {
    position: absolute;
    top: 32px;
    left: 20%;
    transform: translateX(-50%);
    width: 38px;
    height: 38px;
    background: #ffffff;
    border: 2px solid #0284c7;
    border-radius: 50%;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    font-size: 18px;
    box-shadow: 0 4px 10px rgba(2, 132, 199, 0.25);
    z-index: 3;
    transition: left 0.6s cubic-bezier(0.34, 1.3, 0.64, 1);
  }
  .scene.turn-2 .talk-token {
    left: 80%;
  }
</style>
</head>
<body>

<div class="stage">
  <div class="controls">
    <button class="btn-step active" id="btn1" onclick="setTurn(1)">Turn 1</button>
    <button class="btn-step" id="btn2" onclick="setTurn(2)">Turn 2</button>
    <button class="play-btn" id="playBtn" onclick="togglePlay()" aria-label="Play/Pause">⏸</button>
  </div>

  <div class="scene" id="scene">
    <div class="track"></div>
    <div class="talk-token" id="token" title="Conversation Turn">💬</div>

    <div class="person speaking" id="personA">
      <div class="avatar">👧</div>
      <div class="name">Maya</div>
      <div class="role-badge" id="roleA">🗣️ Speaker</div>
    </div>

    <div class="person" id="personB">
      <div class="avatar">👦</div>
      <div class="name">Leo</div>
      <div class="role-badge" id="roleB">👂 Listener</div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<script>
  let currentTurn = 1;
  let isPlaying = true;
  let timer = null;

  function render() {
    const scene = document.getElementById('scene');
    const personA = document.getElementById('personA');
    const personB = document.getElementById('personB');
    const roleA = document.getElementById('roleA');
    const roleB = document.getElementById('roleB');
    const btn1 = document.getElementById('btn1');
    const btn2 = document.getElementById('btn2');

    if (currentTurn === 1) {
      scene.classList.remove('turn-2');
      personA.className = 'person speaking';
      personB.className = 'person';
      roleA.innerHTML = '🗣️ Speaker';
      roleB.innerHTML = '👂 Listener';
      btn1.classList.add('active');
      btn2.classList.remove('active');
    } else {
      scene.classList.add('turn-2');
      personA.className = 'person';
      personB.className = 'person speaking';
      roleA.innerHTML = '👂 Listener';
      roleB.innerHTML = '🗣️ Speaker';
      btn1.classList.remove('active');
      btn2.classList.add('active');
    }
  }

  function setTurn(turn) {
    currentTurn = turn;
    render();
    if (isPlaying) {
      resetTimer();
    }
  }

  function nextTurn() {
    currentTurn = currentTurn === 1 ? 2 : 1;
    render();
  }

  function resetTimer() {
    clearInterval(timer);
    timer = setInterval(nextTurn, 3000);
  }

  function togglePlay() {
    isPlaying = !isPlaying;
    const playBtn = document.getElementById('playBtn');
    if (isPlaying) {
      playBtn.textContent = '⏸';
      resetTimer();
    } else {
      playBtn.textContent = '▶';
      clearInterval(timer);
    }
  }

  resetTimer();
</script>
</body>
</html>

How can you tell when your friend has finished speaking and it is your turn to talk?

Your friend gives you clues when their turn is over. They might stop speaking, look at you, or ask you a question.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <title>Turn-Taking Clues</title>
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
      font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
      user-select: none;
    }

    body {
      background: #f0fdf4;
      color: #1e293b;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      min-height: 100%;
      padding: 16px;
      gap: 12px;
    }

    /* Stage Area */
    .stage {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 480px;
      display: flex;
      justify-content: space-between;
      align-items: center;
      position: relative;
      padding: 10px 16px;
      margin-top: 4px;
    }

    .person {
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
      width: 100px;
      transition: transform 0.3s ease;
    }

    .avatar {
      width: 64px;
      height: 64px;
      border-radius: 50%;
      background: #ffffff;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      font-size: 32px;
      box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(16, 185, 129, 0.12);
      border: 3px solid transparent;
      transition: all 0.3s ease;
    }

    .person.active .avatar {
      border-color: #10b981;
      box-shadow: 0 0 0 4px rgba(16, 185, 129, 0.2), 0 6px 16px rgba(16, 185, 129, 0.25);
      transform: scale(1.06);
    }

    .name-badge {
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 700;
      padding: 3px 10px;
      border-radius: 12px;
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #64748b;
      box-shadow: 0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);
      transition: all 0.3s ease;
    }

    .person.active .name-badge {
      background: #10b981;
      color: #ffffff;
    }

    /* Middle Signal / Bubble */
    .turn-bridge {
      flex: 1;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      padding: 0 8px;
    }

    .turn-bubble {
      background: #ffffff;
      border-radius: 16px;
      padding: 8px 14px;
      box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.06);
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 8px;
      min-height: 48px;
      border: 2px solid #e2e8f0;
      transition: all 0.3s ease;
    }

    .turn-bubble.speaking {
      border-color: #10b981;
      background: #ffffff;
    }

    .bubble-icon {
      font-size: 22px;
      line-height: 1;
    }

    .bubble-text {
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #0f172a;
    }

    .turn-arrow {
      font-size: 18px;
      color: #10b981;
      margin-top: 4px;
      opacity: 0.8;
      transition: transform 0.3s ease;
    }

    /* Clue Selector Cards */
    .clue-container {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 480px;
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);
      gap: 8px;
    }

    .clue-btn {
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 2px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 14px;
      padding: 10px 6px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 4px;
      cursor: pointer;
      box-shadow: 0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.04);
      transition: all 0.25s ease;
    }

    .clue-btn:hover {
      border-color: #a7f3d0;
      background: #f8fafc;
    }

    .clue-btn.active {
      border-color: #10b981;
      background: #ecfdf5;
      box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(16, 185, 129, 0.15);
      transform: translateY(-2px);
    }

    .clue-icon {
      font-size: 24px;
      line-height: 1.1;
    }

    .clue-label {
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #334155;
      text-align: center;
      line-height: 1.2;
    }

    .clue-btn.active .clue-label {
      color: #065f46;
    }

    /* Controls */
    .controls {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 8px;
    }

    .step-dot {
      width: 8px;
      height: 8px;
      border-radius: 50%;
      background: #cbd5e1;
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: all 0.25s ease;
    }

    .step-dot.active {
      background: #10b981;
      width: 20px;
      border-radius: 4px;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  
  <div class="stage">
    
    <div class="person" id="personA">
      <div class="avatar" id="avatarA">👧</div>
      <div class="name-badge">Friend</div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="turn-bridge">
      <div class="turn-bubble speaking" id="bubble">
        <span class="bubble-icon" id="bubbleIcon">🤫</span>
        <span class="bubble-text" id="bubbleText">Stops speaking</span>
      </div>
      <div class="turn-arrow" id="turnArrow">➔</div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="person active" id="personB">
      <div class="avatar" id="avatarB">🧒</div>
      <div class="name-badge">Your Turn</div>
    </div>
  </div>

  
  <div class="clue-container">
    <button class="clue-btn active" onclick="setClue(0)" aria-label="Pause clue">
      <span class="clue-icon">🤫</span>
      <span class="clue-label">Stops<br>Talking</span>
    </button>
    <button class="clue-btn" onclick="setClue(1)" aria-label="Eye contact clue">
      <span class="clue-icon">👀</span>
      <span class="clue-label">Looks<br>at You</span>
    </button>
    <button class="clue-btn" onclick="setClue(2)" aria-label="Question clue">
      <span class="clue-icon">❓</span>
      <span class="clue-label">Asks a<br>Question</span>
    </button>
  </div>

  
  <div class="controls">
    <div class="step-dot active" onclick="setClue(0)"></div>
    <div class="step-dot" onclick="setClue(1)"></div>
    <div class="step-dot" onclick="setClue(2)"></div>
  </div>

  <script>
    const clues = [
      {
        icon: "🤫",
        text: "Stops speaking",
        friendAvatar: "👧",
        youAvatar: "😊"
      },
      {
        icon: "👀",
        text: "Looks at you",
        friendAvatar: "👀",
        youAvatar: "😃"
      },
      {
        icon: "❓",
        text: "Asks a question",
        friendAvatar: "🗣️",
        youAvatar: "💡"
      }
    ];

    let current = 0;
    let autoTimer = null;

    function render() {
      const c = clues[current];
      
      // Update Bubble
      document.getElementById('bubbleIcon').textContent = c.icon;
      document.getElementById('bubbleText').textContent = c.text;
      document.getElementById('avatarA').textContent = c.friendAvatar;
      document.getElementById('avatarB').textContent = c.youAvatar;

      // Update Clue Cards
      const btns = document.querySelectorAll('.clue-btn');
      btns.forEach((btn, idx) => {
        btn.classList.toggle('active', idx === current);
      });

      // Update Dots
      const dots = document.querySelectorAll('.step-dot');
      dots.forEach((dot, idx) => {
        dot.classList.toggle('active', idx === current);
      });
    }

    function setClue(index) {
      current = index;
      render();
      resetTimer();
    }

    function resetTimer() {
      clearInterval(autoTimer);
      autoTimer = setInterval(() => {
        current = (current + 1) % clues.length;
        render();
      }, 3500);
    }

    // Initialize auto cycle
    resetTimer();
  </script>
</body>
</html>

What should your brain and body be doing while your friend is holding the talking turn?

While you wait, you are an **active listener**. You keep your eyes on the speaker and think about what their words mean.

Speaking while someone else is talking is called an **interruption**. If you accidentally speak too soon, just smile and say, "Sorry, you go first!"

What does a great conversation look like when two friends pass the turn back and forth?

When you finish sharing your idea, you can pass the turn by asking a friendly question like, "What about you?"

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <title>Taking Turns in a Conversation</title>
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
    }
    body {
      font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      background: #faf5ff;
      color: #1e2945;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      min-height: 100%;
      padding: 16px 12px;
      overflow-x: hidden;
    }

    /* Controls header */
    .controls {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 8px;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 480px;
      margin-bottom: 8px;
    }

    .step-btn {
      flex: 1;
      padding: 8px 6px;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1px solid #e9d5ff;
      border-radius: 12px;
      color: #6b7280;
      cursor: pointer;
      box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(139, 92, 246, 0.08);
      transition: all 0.25s ease;
      text-align: center;
    }

    .step-btn.active {
      background: #8b5cf6;
      border-color: #8b5cf6;
      color: #ffffff;
      box-shadow: 0 4px 10px rgba(139, 92, 246, 0.3);
    }

    .play-btn {
      width: 36px;
      height: 36px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1px solid #e9d5ff;
      border-radius: 50%;
      font-size: 14px;
      color: #8b5cf6;
      cursor: pointer;
      box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(139, 92, 246, 0.1);
      flex-shrink: 0;
    }

    /* Stage Canvas */
    .stage {
      position: relative;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 480px;
      height: 240px;
      background: #ffffff;
      border-radius: 20px;
      box-shadow: 0 4px 20px rgba(139, 92, 246, 0.08);
      border: 1px solid #f3e8ff;
      display: flex;
      align-items: flex-end;
      justify-content: space-between;
      padding: 24px 36px;
      overflow: hidden;
    }

    /* Floor line */
    .floor {
      position: absolute;
      bottom: 20px;
      left: 10%;
      right: 10%;
      height: 2px;
      background: #f3e8ff;
      border-radius: 2px;
    }

    /* Characters */
    .person {
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      z-index: 2;
      transition: transform 0.3s ease;
    }

    .avatar {
      font-size: 48px;
      line-height: 1;
      filter: drop-shadow(0 4px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06));
    }

    .person-label {
      margin-top: 6px;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #6b7280;
      background: #f5f3ff;
      padding: 3px 10px;
      border-radius: 12px;
      transition: all 0.3s ease;
    }

    .person.active .person-label {
      background: #8b5cf6;
      color: #ffffff;
    }

    /* Action Bubble */
    .speech-bubble {
      position: absolute;
      top: 24px;
      left: 50%;
      transform: translateX(-50%);
      background: #faf5ff;
      border: 2px solid #8b5cf6;
      border-radius: 16px;
      padding: 8px 16px;
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #6b21a8;
      text-align: center;
      box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(139, 92, 246, 0.12);
      z-index: 3;
      transition: all 0.3s ease;
      white-space: nowrap;
    }

    /* Ball & Arc Path */
    .arc-svg {
      position: absolute;
      top: 30px;
      left: 60px;
      right: 60px;
      height: 140px;
      width: calc(100% - 120px);
      pointer-events: none;
      z-index: 1;
    }

    .ball {
      position: absolute;
      width: 32px;
      height: 32px;
      font-size: 24px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      z-index: 4;
      transition: all 0.6s cubic-bezier(0.34, 1.2, 0.64, 1);
      transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
    }

    /* Turn Indicator Badge */
    .turn-status {
      margin-top: 10px;
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #7c3aed;
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1px solid #ddd6fe;
      padding: 6px 16px;
      border-radius: 20px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
      box-shadow: 0 2px 6px rgba(139, 92, 246, 0.08);
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  
  <div class="controls">
    <button class="step-btn active" id="btn0" onclick="setStep(0)">1. Share Idea</button>
    <button class="step-btn" id="btn1" onclick="setStep(1)">2. Pass Turn</button>
    <button class="step-btn" id="btn2" onclick="setStep(2)">3. Listen</button>
    <button class="play-btn" id="playBtn" onclick="togglePlay()" aria-label="Play/Pause">⏸</button>
  </div>

  
  <div class="stage">
    
    <svg class="arc-svg" viewBox="0 0 300 120" fill="none">
      <path id="curvePath" d="M 30,90 Q 150,10 270,90" stroke="#e9d5ff" stroke-width="3" stroke-dasharray="6 6" stroke-linecap="round" />
    </svg>

    
    <div class="speech-bubble" id="bubble">"I like painting..."</div>

    
    <div class="ball" id="ball">💬</div>

    
    <div class="floor"></div>

    
    <div class="person active" id="personLeft">
      <div class="avatar">👧</div>
      <div class="person-label">Speaker</div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="person" id="personRight">
      <div class="avatar">👦</div>
      <div class="person-label">Listener</div>
    </div>
  </div>

  
  <div class="turn-status" id="turnStatus">
    <span>✦</span> <span id="statusText">Speaker shares an idea</span>
  </div>

  <script>
    const steps = [
      {
        bubble: '"I like painting..."',
        status: "Speaker shares an idea",
        leftActive: true,
        rightActive: false,
        ballX: '22%',
        ballY: '56%',
        ballIcon: '💬'
      },
      {
        bubble: '"What about you?"',
        status: 'Passes turn with a question',
        leftActive: true,
        rightActive: true,
        ballX: '50%',
        ballY: '38%',
        ballIcon: '❓'
      },
      {
        bubble: '"I love drawing too!"',
        status: 'Partner listens and responds',
        leftActive: false,
        rightActive: true,
        ballX: '78%',
        ballY: '56%',
        ballIcon: '💬'
      }
    ];

    let currentStep = 0;
    let isPlaying = true;
    let timer = null;

    const ball = document.getElementById('ball');
    const bubble = document.getElementById('bubble');
    const statusText = document.getElementById('statusText');
    const personLeft = document.getElementById('personLeft');
    const personRight = document.getElementById('personRight');
    const playBtn = document.getElementById('playBtn');

    function renderStep(index) {
      currentStep = index;
      const data = steps[index];

      // Update buttons
      for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
        document.getElementById('btn' + i).classList.toggle('active', i === index);
      }

      // Update Ball
      ball.style.left = data.ballX;
      ball.style.top = data.ballY;
      ball.textContent = data.ballIcon;

      // Update Speech Bubble & Status
      bubble.textContent = data.bubble;
      statusText.textContent = data.status;

      // Update Characters
      personLeft.classList.toggle('active', data.leftActive);
      personRight.classList.toggle('active', data.rightActive);

      personLeft.querySelector('.person-label').textContent = index === 2 ? 'Listener' : 'Speaker';
      personRight.querySelector('.person-label').textContent = index === 2 ? 'Speaker' : 'Listener';
    }

    function nextStep() {
      const next = (currentStep + 1) % steps.length;
      renderStep(next);
    }

    function setStep(index) {
      renderStep(index);
      if (isPlaying) {
        clearInterval(timer);
        timer = setInterval(nextStep, 3200);
      }
    }

    function togglePlay() {
      isPlaying = !isPlaying;
      playBtn.textContent = isPlaying ? '⏸' : '▶';
      if (isPlaying) {
        timer = setInterval(nextStep, 3200);
      } else {
        clearInterval(timer);
      }
    }

    // Initialize
    renderStep(0);
    timer = setInterval(nextStep, 3200);
  </script>
</body>
</html>

Next time you talk with a classmate, count in your head how many times you pass the conversation ball back and forth!

Taking Turns in a Conversation. Understand and practise turn-taking when talking with others.

Taking Turns and Building Dialogue in KS1 English

Speaking and Listening: How to Have a Great Conversation

Interacting with Others: Speaking and Listening Skills (AC9E1LY02)

For Years 1–2 students, abstract social rules must be converted into concrete physical routines and visual scaffolds. Effective pedagogical strategies include: (1) Concrete Metaphors like 'Conversation Ball/Catch' or 'Talking Sticks' where only the object holder speaks; (2) Fishbowl Role-Play where the teacher and a puppet/student intentionally model 'bad' (interrupting, talking over, looking away) versus 'good' conversational turns for peer critique; (3) Structured Sentence Frames (e.g., 'I heard you say...', 'That reminds me of...', 'What do you think about...?'); and (4) Built-in 'Think-Pair-Share' or 'Turn and Talk' classroom routines with a dedicated 2-second wait-time buzzer before partners swap roles.

Taking Turns in a Conversation

Clues to Take Your Turn

Listening and Waiting

Passing the Turn