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Override for the tutor's lesson content generation calls. Auto uses the system default (Claude Sonnet 5 for lesson text, Opus 5 for diagrams).

Lesson generation model

System default

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Tutoring abilities

Imagine asking your principal for extra recess by shouting, "Because recess is awesome!"

Your principal would probably smile and say no. To truly convince someone, you need more than just big feelings — you need rock-solid reasons and facts.

Every persuasive piece of writing is built like a sturdy tower with three levels.

Your **opinion** is what you believe, your **reason** explains *why* you believe it, and your **evidence** provides the proof or facts that show your reason is true.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      user-select: none;
    }

    body {
      background: transparent;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      min-height: 100%;
      padding: 16px;
      gap: 16px;
    }

    .toggle-group {
      display: inline-flex;
      background: #e2e8f0;
      padding: 4px;
      border-radius: 999px;
      gap: 4px;
    }

    .toggle-btn {
      border: none;
      background: transparent;
      padding: 8px 20px;
      border-radius: 999px;
      font-size: 15px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #64748b;
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: all 0.25s ease;
    }

    .toggle-btn.active {
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #0f172a;
      box-shadow: 0 2px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);
    }

    .stage {
      position: relative;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 320px;
      height: 240px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: flex-end;
      padding-bottom: 8px;
    }

    .layer {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      font-size: 15px;
      font-weight: 700;
      border-radius: 12px;
      transition: all 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.34, 1.3, 0.64, 1);
    }

    /* Top: Opinion */
    .opinion-block {
      width: 220px;
      height: 48px;
      background: #f5f3ff;
      border: 2px solid #8b5cf6;
      color: #6d28d9;
      box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(139, 92, 246, 0.15);
      z-index: 3;
      transform-origin: 20% 100%;
    }

    /* Middle: Reason Pillar */
    .reason-pillar {
      height: 80px;
      margin: 4px 0;
      color: #0369a1;
      z-index: 2;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 2px;
    }

    /* Bottom: Evidence Foundation */
    .evidence-block {
      height: 48px;
      color: #15803d;
      z-index: 1;
    }

    /* State: Weak */
    .is-weak .opinion-block {
      transform: translateY(12px) rotate(-14deg);
      border-color: #f59e0b;
      color: #b45309;
      background: #fefce8;
    }

    .is-weak .reason-pillar {
      width: 32px;
      background: #fef3c7;
      border: 2px dashed #f59e0b;
      font-size: 0; /* hides text on skinny pillar */
    }

    .is-weak .evidence-block {
      width: 70px;
      opacity: 0.25;
      background: #f1f5f9;
      border: 2px dashed #94a3b8;
      color: #94a3b8;
      transform: scale(0.9);
    }

    /* State: Strong */
    .is-strong .opinion-block {
      transform: translateY(0) rotate(0deg);
      background: #f5f3ff;
      border: 2px solid #8b5cf6;
    }

    .is-strong .reason-pillar {
      width: 170px;
      background: #e0f2fe;
      border: 2px solid #0284c7;
    }

    .is-strong .evidence-block {
      width: 250px;
      opacity: 1;
      background: #dcfce7;
      border: 2px solid #16a34a;
      transform: scale(1);
      box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(22, 163, 74, 0.15);
    }

    .ground-line {
      position: absolute;
      bottom: 0;
      width: 280px;
      height: 3px;
      background: #cbd5e1;
      border-radius: 2px;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="toggle-group">
    <button class="toggle-btn" id="weakBtn" onclick="setState(false)">Weak</button>
    <button class="toggle-btn active" id="strongBtn" onclick="setState(true)">Strong</button>
  </div>

  <div class="stage is-strong" id="stage">
    <div class="layer opinion-block">Opinion 💭</div>
    <div class="layer reason-pillar" id="reasonText">Reason</div>
    <div class="layer evidence-block">Evidence 📊</div>
    <div class="ground-line"></div>
  </div>

  <script>
    const stage = document.getElementById('stage');
    const weakBtn = document.getElementById('weakBtn');
    const strongBtn = document.getElementById('strongBtn');
    const reasonText = document.getElementById('reasonText');

    function setState(isStrong) {
      if (isStrong) {
        stage.className = 'stage is-strong';
        strongBtn.className = 'toggle-btn active';
        weakBtn.className = 'toggle-btn';
        reasonText.textContent = 'Reason 💡';
      } else {
        stage.className = 'stage is-weak';
        weakBtn.className = 'toggle-btn active';
        strongBtn.className = 'toggle-btn';
        reasonText.textContent = '';
      }
    }

    // Set initial text
    reasonText.textContent = 'Reason 💡';
  </script>
</body>
</html>

How can you tell if your reasons are strong enough to support your opinion?

When you **revise**, you look back at your draft with fresh eyes to improve your ideas and make them clearer.

Read each reason in your draft and ask yourself: *"Did I actually prove this, or did I just state it?"*

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
    }

    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, sans-serif;
      color: #1e2945;
      background: transparent;
      padding: 12px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      min-height: 100%;
      user-select: none;
    }

    .diagram-grid {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
      gap: 12px;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 580px;
    }

    @media (max-width: 440px) {
      .diagram-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
      }
    }

    .reason-card {
      border-radius: 12px;
      padding: 16px 12px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      text-align: center;
      transition: box-shadow 0.3s ease;
    }

    .card-weak {
      background: #fee2e2;
      border: 2px dashed #f87171;
    }

    .card-strong {
      background: #dcfce7;
      border: 2px solid #4ade80;
    }

    .badge {
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 700;
      padding: 4px 10px;
      border-radius: 20px;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      margin-bottom: 6px;
    }

    .badge-weak {
      background: #fecaca;
      color: #991b1b;
    }

    .badge-strong {
      background: #bbf7d0;
      color: #166534;
    }

    .sub-label {
      font-size: 13px;
      color: #4b5563;
      font-weight: 600;
      margin-bottom: 12px;
    }

    .visual-stage {
      width: 100%;
      height: 110px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      position: relative;
    }

    .scale-base {
      width: 100%;
      height: 8px;
      background: #cbd5e1;
      border-radius: 4px;
      position: absolute;
      bottom: 10px;
    }

    .weight-item {
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      transition: transform 0.4s ease;
    }

    .weak-balloon {
      width: 70px;
      height: 70px;
      border-radius: 50%;
      background: #fff;
      border: 2px dashed #f87171;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      font-size: 28px;
      box-shadow: 0 4px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);
    }

    .strong-brick {
      width: 90px;
      height: 56px;
      border-radius: 8px;
      background: #22c55e;
      color: #fff;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      font-size: 26px;
      box-shadow: 0 6px 12px rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.3);
      position: absolute;
      bottom: 18px;
    }

    .text-sample {
      margin-top: 10px;
      font-size: 15px;
      font-weight: 600;
      background: #ffffff;
      padding: 8px 14px;
      border-radius: 8px;
      width: 90%;
      box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.04);
    }

    .controls {
      margin-top: 14px;
      display: flex;
      justify-content: center;
    }

    .btn-test {
      background: #1e2945;
      color: #ffffff;
      border: none;
      padding: 10px 22px;
      border-radius: 24px;
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: 600;
      cursor: pointer;
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
      transition: opacity 0.2s ease, box-shadow 0.2s ease;
    }

    .btn-test:active {
      opacity: 0.85;
    }

    /* Interactive state */
    .tested .card-weak .weak-balloon {
      transform: translateY(-24px) rotate(-6deg);
    }

    .tested .card-strong .strong-brick {
      transform: scale(1.05);
      box-shadow: 0 8px 16px rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.4);
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="diagram-grid" id="grid">
    
    <div class="reason-card card-weak">
      <span class="badge badge-weak">✕ Weak</span>
      <span class="sub-label">Just Stated</span>
      
      <div class="visual-stage">
        <div class="scale-base"></div>
        <div class="weight-item weak-balloon" title="Light / Vague">
          🎈
        </div>
      </div>

      <div class="text-sample">
        "It is fun."
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="reason-card card-strong">
      <span class="badge badge-strong">✓ Strong</span>
      <span class="sub-label">Proved</span>
      
      <div class="visual-stage">
        <div class="scale-base"></div>
        <div class="weight-item strong-brick" title="Solid Proof">
          🧱 🏃
        </div>
      </div>

      <div class="text-sample">
        "Kids get exercise."
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

  <div class="controls">
    <button class="btn-test" id="testBtn" type="button">
      <span>⚖️ Test Strength</span>
    </button>
  </div>

  <script>
    const btn = document.getElementById('testBtn');
    const grid = document.getElementById('grid');
    let tested = false;

    btn.addEventListener('click', () => {
      tested = !tested;
      if (tested) {
        grid.classList.add('tested');
        btn.style.boxShadow = '0 0 0 3px #93c5fd';
      } else {
        grid.classList.remove('tested');
        btn.style.boxShadow = 'none';
      }
    });
  </script>
</body>
</html>

Notice how the weak draft only uses vague words like "fun," while the revision gives a specific detail about exercise.

To strengthen your writing, try the **"Ask Why and Show How" revision strategy** on every reason.

When reviewing a draft, re-read each reason sentence and **Ask Why**: *"Why should the reader believe this?"*

Next, **Show How** by asking: *"What concrete detail or example proves this is true?"*

What kinds of evidence can you add to power up your own drafts?

A simple method to strengthen your points is the **'Ask Why and Show How' Revision Strategy**.

Then, **Show How**: ask yourself, *"What concrete detail or example proves this is true?"*

You can strengthen any reason using three main tools: **facts and numbers**, **real-life examples**, or **expert quotes**.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <title>Strengthening Reasons</title>
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
      font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
      user-select: none;
    }

    body {
      background: #f8fafc;
      color: #1e293b;
      padding: 16px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      min-height: 100%;
    }

    .main-stage {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 480px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 16px;
    }

    /* Target: Strong Reason Header Display */
    .target-box {
      width: 100%;
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 2px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 12px;
      padding: 14px 16px;
      text-align: center;
      position: relative;
      box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.04);
      transition: border-color 0.3s ease, box-shadow 0.3s ease;
    }

    .target-label {
      font-size: 16px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #0f172a;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 8px;
    }

    .strength-meter {
      display: flex;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 6px;
      margin-top: 8px;
    }

    .meter-bar {
      width: 24%;
      height: 6px;
      border-radius: 99px;
      background: #e2e8f0;
      transition: background 0.3s ease;
    }

    .meter-bar.active {
      background: #22b7ff;
    }

    /* 3 Pillars / Tools */
    .tools-grid {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);
      gap: 10px;
      width: 100%;
    }

    .tool-card {
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 2px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 12px;
      padding: 14px 8px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      text-align: center;
      cursor: pointer;
      position: relative;
      transition: box-shadow 0.3s ease, transform 0.2s ease, border-color 0.3s ease;
    }

    .tool-card:active {
      transform: scale(0.98);
    }

    .tool-icon {
      font-size: 28px;
      margin-bottom: 8px;
      line-height: 1;
    }

    .tool-title {
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 700;
      line-height: 1.25;
      color: #475569;
    }

    .tool-badge {
      margin-top: 8px;
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 600;
      padding: 3px 8px;
      border-radius: 99px;
      background: #f1f5f9;
      color: #64748b;
    }

    /* Active Tool States */
    .tool-card.active-0 {
      border-color: #0284c7;
      box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(2, 132, 199, 0.15);
    }
    .tool-card.active-0 .tool-title { color: #0284c7; }
    .tool-card.active-0 .tool-badge { background: #e0f2fe; color: #0284c7; }

    .tool-card.active-1 {
      border-color: #d97706;
      box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(217, 119, 6, 0.15);
    }
    .tool-card.active-1 .tool-title { color: #d97706; }
    .tool-card.active-1 .tool-badge { background: #fef3c7; color: #b45309; }

    .tool-card.active-2 {
      border-color: #059669;
      box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(5, 150, 105, 0.15);
    }
    .tool-card.active-2 .tool-title { color: #059669; }
    .tool-card.active-2 .tool-badge { background: #d1fae5; color: #059669; }

    /* Interactive Stepper Navigation */
    .nav-row {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 12px;
      margin-top: 4px;
    }

    .dot {
      width: 10px;
      height: 10px;
      border-radius: 50%;
      background: #cbd5e1;
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: background 0.3s ease, transform 0.2s ease;
    }

    .dot.active {
      background: #0284c7;
      transform: scale(1.25);
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="main-stage">
    
    <div class="target-box" id="targetBox">
      <div class="target-label">
        <span>💪</span>
        <span id="strengthText">Strong Reason</span>
      </div>
      <div class="strength-meter">
        <div class="meter-bar active"></div>
        <div class="meter-bar active"></div>
        <div class="meter-bar active"></div>
        <div class="meter-bar active"></div>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="tools-grid">
      
      <div class="tool-card active-0" id="card0" onclick="selectTool(0)">
        <div class="tool-icon">📊</div>
        <div class="tool-title">Facts &<br>Numbers</div>
        <div class="tool-badge">90%</div>
      </div>

      
      <div class="tool-card" id="card1" onclick="selectTool(1)">
        <div class="tool-icon">📖</div>
        <div class="tool-title">Real<br>Examples</div>
        <div class="tool-badge">Story</div>
      </div>

      
      <div class="tool-card" id="card2" onclick="selectTool(2)">
        <div class="tool-icon">💬</div>
        <div class="tool-title">Expert<br>Quotes</div>
        <div class="tool-badge">“ ”</div>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="nav-row">
      <div class="dot active" id="dot0" onclick="selectTool(0)"></div>
      <div class="dot" id="dot1" onclick="selectTool(1)"></div>
      <div class="dot" id="dot2" onclick="selectTool(2)"></div>
    </div>
  </div>

  <script>
    let currentIndex = 0;
    let timer = null;

    const cards = [
      document.getElementById('card0'),
      document.getElementById('card1'),
      document.getElementById('card2')
    ];

    const dots = [
      document.getElementById('dot0'),
      document.getElementById('dot1'),
      document.getElementById('dot2')
    ];

    const targetBox = document.getElementById('targetBox');
    const borderColors = ['#0284c7', '#d97706', '#059669'];

    function selectTool(index) {
      currentIndex = index;

      cards.forEach((card, i) => {
        card.className = 'tool-card';
        if (i === index) {
          card.classList.add(`active-${i}`);
        }
      });

      dots.forEach((dot, i) => {
        dot.classList.toggle('active', i === index);
        if (i === index) {
          dot.style.background = borderColors[index];
        } else {
          dot.style.background = '#cbd5e1';
        }
      });

      targetBox.style.borderColor = borderColors[index];
      resetTimer();
    }

    function nextTool() {
      const nextIndex = (currentIndex + 1) % 3;
      selectTool(nextIndex);
    }

    function resetTimer() {
      if (timer) clearInterval(timer);
      timer = setInterval(nextTool, 3500);
    }

    // Initialize auto-cycling
    resetTimer();
  </script>
</body>
</html>

A **fact** gives proven information, while a **real-life example** paints a short, clear picture of something that actually happened.

An **expert quote** shares words from someone who knows a lot about the topic, like a doctor, teacher, or scientist.

What is the biggest trap writers fall into when trying to add evidence?

A common mistake is writing the same opinion twice using different words and calling it evidence.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <title>Weak vs Strong Reasons</title>
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
      font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
    }
    body {
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #1e2945;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      min-height: 100%;
      padding: 16px;
      user-select: none;
    }
    .toggle-bar {
      display: flex;
      gap: 12px;
      margin-bottom: 20px;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 440px;
    }
    .toggle-btn {
      flex: 1;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 8px;
      padding: 10px 16px;
      font-size: 15px;
      font-weight: 700;
      border: 2px solid #e6e6e6;
      border-radius: 999px;
      background: #f8f9fa;
      color: #6b7280;
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: all 0.25s ease;
    }
    .toggle-btn.active.weak {
      background: #fef2f2;
      border-color: #ef4444;
      color: #b91c1c;
      box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(239, 68, 68, 0.15);
    }
    .toggle-btn.active.strong {
      background: #ecfdf5;
      border-color: #10b981;
      color: #047857;
      box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(16, 185, 129, 0.15);
    }
    .stage {
      position: relative;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 460px;
      height: 250px;
    }
    .view {
      position: absolute;
      inset: 0;
      opacity: 0;
      pointer-events: none;
      transition: opacity 0.3s ease;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
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Saying "Recess is great because it is awesome" does not prove anything — it just repeats the claim.

When you revise your draft today, underline each reason and add at least one specific fact, number, or example to back it up.

Revising Your Opinion Writing to Make Your Reasons Stronger. Review your opinion writing and add stronger evidence or clearer reasons where needed.

Explaining a Text's Reasons and Evidence | Guided Practice (4th Grade Reading & Writing)

Choose Reasons to Support an Opinion & Complete Opinion-Reason-Example Structures (Grade 4 ELA)

WriteAlong 4th Grade: Revising Drafts to Strengthen Reasons and Evidence

To build student mastery in 4th grade opinion revision, use the 'Color-Coding Audit' strategy: have students highlight their opinion statement in blue, reasons in yellow, and evidence/examples in green. If a paragraph lacks green, writers immediately recognize the need to insert facts or examples using sentence stems such as 'For instance,...' or 'According to...'. Pairing students for 'Prove It!' peer conferences helps young writers identify vague reasoning before final publishing.

Revising Your Opinion Writing to Make Your Reasons Stronger

The Three-Part Opinion Tower

The "Prove It!" Test